{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:54:26Z","timestamp":1790625266131,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City","award":["SKJC-2022-PTDX-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKJC-2022-PTDX-015"]}]},{"name":"the Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City","award":["ZDYF2024XDNY247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2024XDNY247"]}]},{"name":"the Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City","award":["2024XT04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024XT04"]}]},{"name":"the Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City","award":["2023TD58"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD58"]}]},{"name":"the Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City","award":["2024-MRB-00-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-MRB-00-001"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology special fund of Hainan Province","award":["SKJC-2022-PTDX-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKJC-2022-PTDX-015"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology special fund of Hainan Province","award":["ZDYF2024XDNY247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2024XDNY247"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology special fund of Hainan Province","award":["2024XT04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024XT04"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology special fund of Hainan Province","award":["2023TD58"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD58"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology special fund of Hainan Province","award":["2024-MRB-00-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-MRB-00-001"]}]},{"name":"the Central Public Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS","award":["SKJC-2022-PTDX-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKJC-2022-PTDX-015"]}]},{"name":"the Central Public Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS","award":["ZDYF2024XDNY247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2024XDNY247"]}]},{"name":"the Central Public Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS","award":["2024XT04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024XT04"]}]},{"name":"the Central Public Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS","award":["2023TD58"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD58"]}]},{"name":"the Central Public Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS","award":["2024-MRB-00-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-MRB-00-001"]}]},{"name":"Research on Breeding Technology of Candidate Species for Guangdong Modern Marine Ranching","award":["SKJC-2022-PTDX-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKJC-2022-PTDX-015"]}]},{"name":"Research on Breeding Technology of Candidate Species for Guangdong Modern Marine Ranching","award":["ZDYF2024XDNY247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2024XDNY247"]}]},{"name":"Research on Breeding Technology of Candidate Species for Guangdong Modern Marine Ranching","award":["2024XT04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024XT04"]}]},{"name":"Research on Breeding Technology of Candidate Species for Guangdong Modern Marine Ranching","award":["2023TD58"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD58"]}]},{"name":"Research on Breeding Technology of Candidate Species for Guangdong Modern Marine Ranching","award":["2024-MRB-00-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-MRB-00-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of ammonia nitrogen in water has a significant impact on the serum and spleen of fish, potentially leading to changes in substances such as proteins in the serum while also causing damage to the immune function of the spleen. To investigate the effects of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) stress on juvenile yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), this study established three NH3-N concentrations, 0, 5, and 10 mg\/L, denoted as L0, L1, and L2, respectively. Serum and spleen samples were collected at 6, 24, and 36 h. The effects of different NH3-N concentrations and exposure times on the physiological status of juvenile fish were investigated by analyzing serum biochemical indices and splenic gene expression. The results indicate that in the L1 group, the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), complement 3 (C3) and complement 4 (C4) levels, and acid phosphatase (ACP) activity showed a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. In the L2 group, the serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-C, and C4 levels and ACP activity also displayed an initially rising and then declining trend, while TG, C3, and creatinine (CRE) levels and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity showed an upward trend. In the L1 group, glutathione peroxidase 1b (GPX1b), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6r), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) gene expression levels in the spleen exhibited a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. In the L2 group, IL-10, IL-6r, tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF-\u03b2), caspase 2 (casp2), and caspase 9 (casp9) gene expression levels in the spleen also showed an initial increase followed by a decrease. When NH3-N levels are below 5 mg\/L, it is recommended to limit stress exposure to no more than 36 h for the juvenile fish. For concentrations ranging from 5 to 10 mg\/L, stress should be strictly controlled to within 24 h. Exposure to high NH3-N levels may affect biochemical indicators such as serum lipid metabolism, immunity, and metabolism in juvenile fish, and may damage the expression of antioxidant, immune gene, and apoptosis factors in the spleen. This study aims to deepen our understanding of the effects of NH3-N on juvenile tuna, with the goal of establishing effective water quality monitoring and management strategies. This will ensure the quality of aquaculture water, reduce the harm caused by NH3-N to juvenile yellowfin tuna, and enhance aquaculture efficiency and product quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14213090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T05:07:22Z","timestamp":1730092042000},"page":"3090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Impact of Acute Ammonia Nitrogen Stress on Serum Biochemical Indicators and Spleen Gene Expression in Juvenile Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yongyue","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China"},{"name":"South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China"},{"name":"Hainan Engineering Research Center for Deep-Sea Aquaculture and Processing, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center for Conservation and Application of Fishery Resources in the South China Sea, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China"},{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengyi","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China"},{"name":"South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China"},{"name":"Hainan Engineering Research Center for Deep-Sea Aquaculture and Processing, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center for Conservation and Application of Fishery Resources in the South China Sea, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China"},{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3112-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China"},{"name":"South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China"},{"name":"Hainan Engineering Research Center for Deep-Sea Aquaculture and Processing, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center for Conservation and Application of Fishery Resources in the South China Sea, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China"},{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.04.019","article-title":"Impact of ammonia exposure on coagulation in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei","volume":"118","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. 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