{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:07:11Z","timestamp":1792195631748,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32172435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022A1515110533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515110533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023A1515011838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515011838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022GDASZH-2022010106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GDASZH-2022010106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong","award":["32172435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172435"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong","award":["2022A1515110533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515110533"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong","award":["2023A1515011838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515011838"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong","award":["2022GDASZH-2022010106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GDASZH-2022010106"]}]},{"name":"GDAS Special Project of Science and Technology Development","award":["32172435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172435"]}]},{"name":"GDAS Special Project of Science and Technology Development","award":["2022A1515110533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515110533"]}]},{"name":"GDAS Special Project of Science and Technology Development","award":["2023A1515011838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515011838"]}]},{"name":"GDAS Special Project of Science and Technology Development","award":["2022GDASZH-2022010106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GDASZH-2022010106"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates whether ketoconazole, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, can enhance the suppressive effects of quinestrol on reproductive capacity, potentially allowing for a reduced quinestrol dosage while maintaining its efficacy. A total of 104 healthy adult male mice were divided into two groups, assessed at 10 and 30 days. Within each group, six treatment categories were tested: the control (CK), quinestrol alone (Q1, Q5), and quinestrol combined with varying doses of ketoconazole (Q1 + K0.4, Q1 + K2, Q5 + K0.4). The key parameters measured included internal and reproductive organ weights, sperm density, sperm motility, sperm abnormalities, and CYP3A4 enzyme content in intestinal and liver tissues. After 10 days, the combination of a low dose of quinestrol with ketoconazole (Q1 + K0.4) showed the most significant pronounced effects in reducing reproductive potential, with notable reductions in epididymal weight, sperm density, sperm abnormality rate and vitality, serum hormone levels, and CYP3A4 content in the small intestine and liver. Although some reproductive parameters returned to near-baseline levels after 30 days, the Q1 + K0.4 regimen continued to exhibit reduced seminal vesicle weight and testosterone levels. Importantly, the combination did not significantly increase CYP3A4 enzyme content, indicating effective metabolic inhibition. The combination of quinestrol and ketoconazole, especially the Q1 + K0.4 regimen, demonstrated the most noticeable impact on reducing reproductive capacity. This regimen significantly reduced key reproductive parameters and showed strong metabolic inhibition, suggesting that ketoconazole substantially enhances the efficacy of quinestrol in fertility control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14223240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T06:28:32Z","timestamp":1731392912000},"page":"3240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Effect of Ketoconazole and Quinestrol Combination on Reproductive Physiology in Male Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 050000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 050000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 050000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 050000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 050000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daohuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 050000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quansheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 050000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12588","article-title":"The Status of Fertility Control for Rodents-Recent Achievements and Future Directions","volume":"17","author":"Jacoblinnert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Integr. Zool."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12149","article-title":"Transmission Ecology of Rodent-borne Diseases: New Frontiers","volume":"10","author":"Bordes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Integr. Zool."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witmer, G. (2022). Rodents in Agriculture: A Broad Perspective. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12061458"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahmana, H., Granjon, L., Diagne, C., Davoust, B., Fenollar, F., and Mediannikov, O. (2020). Rodents as Hosts of Pathogens and Related Zoonotic Disease Risk. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9030202"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29471","article-title":"A Strategy to Improve Rodent Control While Reducing Rodenticide Release into the Environment","volume":"10","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12727","article-title":"Developing Fertility Control for Rodents: A Framework for Researchers and Practitioners","volume":"19","author":"MasseiI","year":"2024","journal-title":"Integr. Zool."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massei, G. (2023). Fertility Control for Wildlife: A European Perspective. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13030428"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/00307270231177721","article-title":"Introducing an Ecologically-Based Pest Management Approach in Cambodia through Adaptive Learning Networks","volume":"52","author":"Flor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Outlook Agric."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4626","article-title":"The Need to Implement the Landscape of Fear within Rodent Pest Management Strategies","volume":"73","author":"Krijger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6462","article-title":"Rodent Management and Cereal Production in Asia: Balancing Food Security and Conservation","volume":"77","author":"Singleton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montagnini, B.G., Forcato, S., Pernoncine, K.V., Monteiro, M.C., Pereira, M.R.F., Costa, N.O., Moreira, E.G., Anselmo-Franci, J.A., and Gerardin, D.C.C. (2021). Developmental and Reproductive Outcomes in Male Rats Exposed to Triclosan: Two-Generation Study. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.738980"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1159\/000534836","article-title":"Exposure to Low Doses of Phthalates in Male Rodents: Effects on Reproductive and Cognitive Behaviors","volume":"113","author":"Ducroq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33218","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18338-w","article-title":"Effects of Perinatal Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on the Reproductive System of F3 Generation Male Rodents: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0002","article-title":"Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement","volume":"30","author":"Bourguignon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:25:2:163","article-title":"Adverse Effects of Environmental Toxicants, Octylphenol and Bisphenol A, on Male Reproductive Functions in Pubertal Rats","volume":"25","author":"Herath","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1071\/RD10221","article-title":"Subfertile Effects of Quinestrol and Levonorgestrel in Male Rats","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12642","article-title":"Antifertility Effects of Levonorgestrel, Quinestrol, and Their Mixture (EP-1) on Plateau Zokor in the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau","volume":"17","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Integr. Zool."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12568","article-title":"Anti-fertility Effect of Levonorgestrel and\/or Quinestrol on Striped Field Mouse (Apodemus agrarius): Evidence from Both Laboratory and Field Experiments","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Integr. Zool."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sidhu, A., Singla, N., Lonare, M., and Mahal, A.K. (2020). Effect of Quinestrol on Body Weight, Vital Organs, Biochemicals and Genotoxicity in Adult Male Lesser Bandicoot Rat, Bandicota bengalensis. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 165.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2020.02.010"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2017.08.008","article-title":"Responses in Reproductive Organs, Steroid Hormones and CYP450 Enzymes in Female Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) over Time after Quinestrol Treatment","volume":"143","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(78)80021-3","article-title":"Effects of Quinestrol on Hepatic Function in the Rat","volume":"18","author":"Gioia","year":"1978","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2012.00296.x","article-title":"Fertility Control of Rattus nitidus Using Quinestrol: Effects on Reproductive Organs and Social Behavior","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Integr. Zool."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)37027-3","article-title":"Quinestrol: A Potential Contraceptive Agent","volume":"20","author":"Ansari","year":"1969","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02151362","article-title":"3-Cyclopentyl Ether of 17\u03b1-Ethynylestradiol: A Potent Anti-Gonadotrophic and Contraceptive Agent in Rodents","volume":"19","author":"Falconi","year":"1963","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-83-6-1355","article-title":"Effect of Photoperiod on Estrous Cycle Length in the Rat","volume":"83","author":"Hoffmann","year":"1968","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.60.489","article-title":"The Effects of Quinestrol as a Contraceptive in Mongolian Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)","volume":"60","author":"Lv","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Anim."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2007.00059.x","article-title":"Anti-fertility Effect of Levonorgestrel and Quinestrol in Brandt\u2019s Voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii)","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Integr. Zool."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.10.030","article-title":"Effects of Quinestrol on Reproductive Hormone Expression, Secretion, and Receptor Levels in Female Mongolian Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)","volume":"77","author":"Lv","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.10.010","article-title":"Inhibitive Effects of Quinestrol on Male Testes in Mongolian Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)","volume":"93","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2014.05.012","article-title":"Quinestrol Induces Spermatogenic Apoptosis in Vivo via Increasing Pro-Apoptotic Proteins in Adult Male Mice","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, M., Lin, Q., Xu, Z., Zhang, C., Zhao, X., and Tang, T. (2020). Adsorption\u2013Desorption Behavior of the Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Quinestrol in Soils. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70300-x"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12598","article-title":"Reproductive Responses of Rice Field Rats (Rattus argentiventer) Following Treatment with the Contraceptive Hormones, Quinestrol and Levonorgestrol","volume":"17","author":"Stuart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Integr. Zool."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(90)90003-O","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Oestrogens and Progestogens","volume":"12","author":"Kuhl","year":"1990","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2012.12.011","article-title":"Ethinyl Estradiol and 17\u03b2-Estradiol in Combined Oral Contraceptives: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Risk Assessment","volume":"87","author":"Stanczyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad124","article-title":"Endocrine Health and Health Care Disparities in the Pediatric and Sexual and Gender Minority Populations: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement","volume":"108","author":"Golden","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad225","article-title":"Hormones and Aging: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement","volume":"108","author":"Cappola","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00000897","article-title":"Cytochromes P450 and Metabolism of Xenobiotics","volume":"58","author":"Anzenbacher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.106.010439","article-title":"Inhibition of the Human Liver Microsomal and Human Cytochrome P450 1A2 and 3A4 Metabolism of Estradiol by Deployment-Related and Other Chemicals","volume":"34","author":"Usmani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(90)90431-P","article-title":"Metabolism of 17 \u03b1-Ethynylestradiol in Humans","volume":"47","year":"1990","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2019.08.009","article-title":"Ratio-Dependent Effects of Quinestrol and Levonorgestrel Compounds (EP-1) on Reproductive Parameters of Adult Male Swiss Mice","volume":"160","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.100004","article-title":"Non-Michaelis-Menten Kinetics in Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed Reactions","volume":"45","author":"Atkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02936-7","article-title":"Inhibition and Induction of CYP Enzymes in Humans: An Update","volume":"94","author":"Hakkola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deodhar, M., Al Rihani, S.B., Arwood, M.J., Darakjian, L., Dow, P., Turgeon, J., and Michaud, V. (2020). Mechanisms of CYP450 Inhibition: Understanding Drug-Drug Interactions Due to Mechanism-Based Inhibition in Clinical Practice. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12090846"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, M., Ma, J., Li, M., Zhang, Y., Jiang, B., Zhao, X., Huai, C., Shen, L., Zhang, N., and He, L. (2021). Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Drug Metabolism in Humans. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312808"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1080\/00498254.2020.1820626","article-title":"In Vitro Inhibition and Induction of Human Liver Cytochrome P450 Enzymes by a Novel Anti-Fibrotic Drug Fluorofenidone","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1086\/685016","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Riociguat with Ketoconazole, Clarithromycin, and Midazolam","volume":"6","author":"Becker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.115.067744","article-title":"Evaluation of Ketoconazole and Its Alternative Clinical CYP3A4\/5 Inhibitors as Inhibitors of Drug Transporters: The In Vitro Effects of Ketoconazole, Ritonavir, Clarithromycin, and Itraconazole on 13 Clinically-Relevant Drug Transporters","volume":"44","author":"Vermeer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"11","article-title":"Experimental Research on Antifertility Funetion of Sasanqua Saponin Sterilant Against Rodent","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. J. Vector Biol. Control."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"199","article-title":"Effects of Quinestrol on the Testes Development and Expression of PCNA and Caspase-3 in Juvenile Mice","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"China Anim. Husb. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9140","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9140","article-title":"The Reproductive Inhibitory Effects of Levonorgestrel, Quinestrol, and EP-1 in Brandt\u2019s Vole (Lasiopodomys brandtii)","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"87","article-title":"Suppression Effects of Quinestrol on the Reproduction of Brandt\u2019s Voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii)","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Theriol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12236","article-title":"Recovery of Fertility in Quinestrol-treated or Diethylstilbestrol-treated Mice: Implications for Rodent Management","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integr. Zool."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"184","article-title":"Effects of Cabergoline on Germ Cells and Enzymes in Testis of Male Rattus losea","volume":"35","author":"Qin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Theriol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2021). WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen, WHO. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"202","article-title":"Effect of Different Doses of Quinestrol on Organs, Sperm Density, Reproductive Hormones and CYP3A4 Enzyme Levels of Male and Female Mice","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Theriol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12774","article-title":"Antifertility Effects of EP-1 (Quinestrol and Levonorgestrel) on Pacific Rats (Rattus exulans)","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Integr. Zool."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12733","article-title":"Antifertility Effects of Quinestrol in Male Lesser Bandicoot Rat, Bandicota bengalensis, and Potential in Managing Rodent Population under Field Conditions","volume":"19","author":"Sidhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Integr. Zool."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"86","article-title":"Anti-Fertility Effect of EP-1 Contraceptive Compound on Male Mongolia Gerbils Meriones unguiculatus","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Phytophylacica Sin."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4314\/njbas.v23i1.2","article-title":"Protective Effect of Vitamin E on Nicotine Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Male Rats","volume":"23","author":"Oyeyemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Niger. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070300106","article-title":"Epididymal Epithelium: Its Contribution to the Formation of a Luminal Fluid Microenvironment","volume":"30","author":"Hinton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.4103\/jhrs.JHRS_155_18","article-title":"Evaluation of Seminal Fructose and Citric Acid Levels in Men with Fertility Problem","volume":"12","author":"Toragall","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hum. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"5258","article-title":"Effect of Different Doses of Quinestrol on Reproductive Physiology of Male Mice","volume":"37","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genom. Appl. Biol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/22\/3240\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:30:44Z","timestamp":1760113844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/22\/3240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14223240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14223240","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]}}}