{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:49:14Z","timestamp":1792180154471,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32160858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021A-060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A-060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation Special Project of Education Science and Technology in Gansu Province","award":["32160858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160858"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Special Project of Education Science and Technology in Gansu Province","award":["2021A-060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A-060"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In mammals, the melatonin (Mel) concentration in the gastrointestinal tract is 400 times greater than in the pineal gland. However, the origin of Mel in the gastrointestinal tract and its role in reproductive regulation remains unclear. Therefore, we analyzed three potential Mel sources (feed, microorganisms, and the rumen wall) for their contribution to high Mel levels in the rumen and their biological effects. The feed contained high Mel concentrations, and Mel in rumen fluid and blood peaked two hours after feeding. Rumen microbial analysis showed a strong positive correlation between Mel and specific microbes, including Megasphaera, Butyrivibrio, Acetobacter, and Olsenella. In vitro experiments indicated that rumen microorganisms synthesized Mel from tryptophan. The rumen wall also contains key enzymes, AANAT and HIOMT, which catalyze Mel synthesis and membrane receptors MT1 and MT2 that mediate the function of Mel, suggesting that the rumen wall synthesizes Mel. Mel peaked in both rumen fluid and blood two hours after feeding. Feeding also altered blood levels of Mel, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone (P4), and Estradiol (E2), with a correlation between Mel and fluctuations in GnRH, LH, P4, and E2 levels. Our findings suggest that feed is the primary source of high Mel levels in the rumen and impacts reproductive hormone fluctuations. This study elucidates the origin of high rumen Mel concentrations and reveals that food intake affects the natural secretion of various hormones, offering a new perspective on food sources for regulating reproductive physiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14233451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T05:19:39Z","timestamp":1732771179000},"page":"3451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Melatonin Sources in Sheep Rumen and Its Role in Reproductive Physiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tian","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqiang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianlin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenxing","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2970-6344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongwei","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianshu","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2522-4724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junjie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12360","article-title":"Melatonin as an Antioxidant: Under Promises but over Delivers","volume":"61","author":"Reiter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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