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At each time point, seven birds per group were euthanized for sample collection to acquire IELs and lymphocytes from the ileum and spleen for flow cytometric analysis. A reduction in BWGs of the infected groups compared to the control group was observed only at 2 dpi. Additionally, there were no changes in the expression of IFN-\u03b3, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1 in the ileum at 2 and 7 dpi. The number of IELs increased significantly following Salmonella infection in the ileum at 2 and 7 dpi without any changes in spleen lymphocytes. The increase in the total number of IELs was derived from the elevated numbers of conventional CD8\u03b1\u03b2+TCR\u03b1\u03b2+ and natural IEL populations (CD4\u2212CD8\u2212TCR\u03b1\u03b2+, CD8\u03b1\u03b1+TCR\u03b1\u03b2+, TCR\u03b3\u03b4+, non-T cells (TCRneg, and iCD8\u03b1 cells)). The increase in regulatory IELs and the stable expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes during the first week of infection suggests the potential role of IELs in modulating intestinal inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14233463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T13:34:04Z","timestamp":1733146444000},"page":"3463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dynamic Changes in the Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Numbers Following Salmonella Typhimurium Infection in Broiler Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1163-4434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuja","family":"Majeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7170-3887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bikas R.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5739-1263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nimra","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"},{"name":"Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Bielke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prestage Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9258-1575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Nazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"},{"name":"Food for Health Discovery Theme, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-35","article-title":"Salmonella Enterica Typhimurium Infection Causes Metabolic Changes in Chicken Muscle Involving AMPK, Fatty Acid and Insulin\/mTOR Signaling","volume":"44","author":"Arsenault","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. 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