{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:23:43Z","timestamp":1783574623516,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"World Horse Welfare"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Donkey slaughter in West Africa has received limited scientific attention, despite increasing over recent years. This study aimed to explore factors affecting donkey welfare, both ante-mortem and at slaughter, in the Upper East region of Ghana. A total of 134 donkeys at five different slaughter points were assessed using animal-based indicators. Slaughter involved either blunt force trauma (BFT) using a wooden pole (1 location) or a metal hammer (2 locations); or non-stun ventral neck incision (VNI) (2 locations). Time to loss of consciousness (or return) was assessed, with behavioural and brainstem signs of sensibility\/consciousness. Negative human\u2013animal interactions occurred ante-mortem, with animals struck multiple times and handled using aversive methods. Donkeys hit on the head with the wooden pole were five times more likely to be ineffectively concussed (p &lt; 0.001, OR: 5.4, CI: 1.9\u201315.4) compared to the hammer and took significantly longer to lose consciousness (p &lt; 0.001). The mean time to loss of corneal reflex for those hit by wooden pole was 166.9 s (SD 21.1; range: 79\u2013425 s), compared to just one animal displaying corneal reflex for 59 s after being hit by metal hammer. For those animals slaughtered through VNI, corneal reflex was observed for a mean time of 96.5 s (SD 4.3, range 26\u2013164 s). The findings of this study highlight major concerns regarding the methods used for donkey slaughter in the Upper East region in Ghana, particularly regarding aversive ante-mortem handling and prolonged time to loss of consciousness during VNI and ineffective BFT in inducing unconsciousness by concussion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14243673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T04:07:40Z","timestamp":1734667660000},"page":"3673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessment of Donkey (Equus asinus) Welfare at Slaughter in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5076-5528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharine","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Science and Ethics Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6230-2475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgina","family":"Limon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK"},{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Agongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana Poultry Network (GAPNET)\/Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Accra P.O. Box CT 5505, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Akunzule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana Poultry Network (GAPNET)\/Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Accra P.O. Box CT 5505, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Essel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana Poultry Network (GAPNET)\/Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Accra P.O. Box CT 5505, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7630-8285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Padalino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2496-8262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Grist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1242-2695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Troy John","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Science and Ethics Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, September 25). 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