{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T23:05:41Z","timestamp":1785366341958,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum)-caused calf diarrhoea (scours) is widespread and leads to calf mortality in cattle industries worldwide. A recent discovery of a glycopeptide epitope on the Cryptosporidium parasite recognized by a monoclonal antibody has led to the development of a new vaccine. It was designed for cows to pass on passive immunity to their neonatal calves. This vaccine has been demonstrated to be safe and efficacious in pre-clinical studies. In the process of marketing registration, two clinical studies were conducted with this vaccine on 16 commercial dairy and beef farms collecting data, assessed by the European Medicine Agency. In these studies, its effectiveness in the field was evaluated. The natural challenge and clinical disease caused by Cryptosporidium parvum in the calves in these studies was, however, not high enough to show a significant reduction of most of the clinical signs, although all trends were in favour of the vaccination groups. Nonetheless, the duration of the diarrhoea episodes of the dairy calves was significantly shorter in the vaccination group. Additionally, the levels of Gp40 antibodies in the blood of the calves was notably higher in the vaccination groups, demonstrating the principle of passive immunization. Overall, this vaccine, which can be used concurrently, non-mixed with Bovilis\u00ae Rotavec\u00ae Corona, introduces an additional approach to mitigate the impact of C. parvum infections in neonatal calves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15020132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T07:40:13Z","timestamp":1736322013000},"page":"132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Novel Subunit Vaccine in the Prevention of Cryptosporidium parvum-Caused Diarrhoea in Neonatal Calves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Martine","family":"Reijnders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD Animal Health, 5831 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0259-4996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"van Roosmalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD Animal Health, 5831 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Holtslag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD Animal Health, 5831 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Arts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD Animal Health, 5831 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Pel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD Animal Health, 5831 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Divine","family":"Duf\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD Animal Health, 5831 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Kaashoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD Animal Health, 5831 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3993-8616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geert","family":"Vertenten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD Animal Health, 5831 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tine","family":"van Werven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitaire Landbouwhuisdieren Praktijk (ULP), Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Utrecht, 3481 LZ Harmelen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2727-0951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Sietsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitaire Landbouwhuisdieren Praktijk (ULP), Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Utrecht, 3481 LZ Harmelen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0216-3447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinique V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire des Mazets, 15400 Riom es Montagnes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Herman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinique V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire des Mazets, 15400 Riom es Montagnes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.002","article-title":"Diagnostics of Dairy and Beef Cattle Diarrhea","volume":"28","author":"Blanchard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75578-X","article-title":"Strategies for the Control of Cryptosporidium parvum Infection in Calves","volume":"81","author":"Harp","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0447-0","article-title":"Bovine cryptosporidiosis: Impact, host-parasite interaction and control strategies","volume":"48","author":"Thomson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00111-9","article-title":"Role of Cryptosporidium parvum as a pathogen in neonatal diarrhoea complex in suckling and dairy calves in France","volume":"85","author":"Naciri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.03.020","article-title":"Prevalence and age-related variation of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in dairy calves","volume":"122","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Zhao, G., Gong, Y., and Zhang, L. (2017). Advances and Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Bovine Cryptosporidium in China in the Past 30 Years. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01823"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00076-4","article-title":"A review of the importance of Cryptosporidiosis in farm animals","volume":"29","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.412","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis among Bangladeshi children with diarrhea: A prospective, matched, case-control study of clinical features, epidemiology and systemic antibody responses","volume":"71","author":"Khan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014001085","article-title":"Cryptosporidium species in humans and animals: Current understanding and research needs","volume":"141","author":"Ryan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(95)00790-4","article-title":"Patterns of Cryptosporidium oocyst shedding in calves and a comparison of two diagnostic methods","volume":"60","author":"McCluskey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.12.003","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for Cryptosporidium spp. infection in young calves","volume":"152","author":"Brook","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, P. (2021). Cross-Border Investigations on the Prevalence and Transmission Dynamics of Cryptosporidium Species in Dairy Cattle Farms in Western Mainland Europe. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202110.0273.v1"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.151.20.606","article-title":"Controlling the onset of natural cryptosporidiosis in calves with paromomycin sulphate","volume":"151","author":"Grinberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2022.100238","article-title":"Vaccination for the Prevention of Neonatal Calf Diarrhea in Cow-Calf Operations: A Scoping Review","volume":"15","author":"Maier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0027523","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00275-23","article-title":"Identification of the glycopeptide epitope recognized by a protective Cryptosporidium monoclonal antibody","volume":"91","author":"Bhalchandra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetvac.2024.100054","article-title":"The first commercially approved efficacious Cryptosporidium vaccine protecting new-born calves from severe diarrhea","volume":"3","author":"Timmermans","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products (CVMP) (2019, March 01). Guideline on Clinical Trials with Immunological Veterinary Medicinal Products. 28 January 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/scientific-guideline\/guideline-clinical-trials-immunological-veterinary-medicinal-products_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Bio-X Diagnostics S.A. (2019, March 01). Available online: https:\/\/www.biox.com\/en\/bio-k-306-rainbow-calf-scours-p-312\/."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"McGuirk, S. (2019, March 01). Calf Health Scorer. University of Wisconsin Madison. Available online: https:\/\/www.vetmed.wisc.edu\/fapm\/svm-dairy-apps\/calf-health-scorer-chs\/."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.159.20.672","article-title":"Field study of the efficacy of halofuginone and decoquinate in the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in veal calves","volume":"159","author":"Lallemand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2009.05.003","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analyses of the effects of halofuginone against calf cryptosporidiosis","volume":"91","author":"Egenvall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Vet.-Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020002267","article-title":"Efficacy of halofuginone products to prevent or treat cryptosporidiosis in bovine calves: A systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"148","author":"Brainard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.04.029","article-title":"Utility of halofuginone lactate for the prevention of natural cryptosporidiosis of calves, in the presence of co-infection with rotavirus and Salmonella Typhimurium","volume":"197","author":"Almawly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet.-Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.03.002","article-title":"Long-term production effects of clinical cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves","volume":"50","author":"Shaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/2\/132\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:24:58Z","timestamp":1759919098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/2\/132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15020132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15020132","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]}}}