{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T23:39:33Z","timestamp":1773272373546,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]],"date-time":"2025-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to develop three-dimensional anatomical models of dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (CEPSs) using 3D printing, as well as to detail their development process and compare the final models to volume rendering (VR) derived from computed tomography (CT) scans. CT scans in the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format of two canine patients were used\u2014one with splenocaval deviation and the other with right gastrocaval deviation. The images were segmented using 3DSlicer software, generating 3D files in Standard Tessellation Language (STL) format, which were then subjected to refinement and mesh adjustment using Blender software. The models were printed on a J750\u2122 Digital Anatomy\u2122 printer, followed by post-processing in a 2% sodium hydroxide solution for 72 h, with subsequent rinsing to remove support resin residues. The printed models showed colored anatomical structures, including the liver; spleen; kidneys; part of the arterial, venous, and portal circulations; and CEPSs. For comparison purposes, VR of the scans was recreated in the RadiAnt DICOM Viewer software. Despite some limitations of the segmentation software, the 3D-printed models effectively represented the anatomy of the patients and the CEPSs, demonstrating good equivalence to the VR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15030352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T07:46:29Z","timestamp":1737963989000},"page":"352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of Three-Dimensional Anatomical Models of Dogs with Congenital Extrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"\u00c9verton","family":"Oliveira Calixto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Toledo da Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Para\u00edba, S\u00e3o Paulo 58051-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2742-4852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Luiza","family":"Campos Pollon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6260-661X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f4nio","family":"Chaves de Ass\u00eds Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13739","article-title":"Applications of 3-Dimensional Printing in Small-Animal Surgery: A Review of Current Practices","volume":"51","author":"Altwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. 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