{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:30:55Z","timestamp":1787027455620,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Boston University, The Coulter Foundation","award":["5340076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5340076"]}]},{"name":"Boston University, The Coulter Foundation","award":["5340504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5340504"]}]},{"name":"Boston University, The Coulter Foundation","award":["5340502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5340502"]}]},{"name":"Articulate Biosciences","award":["5340076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5340076"]}]},{"name":"Articulate Biosciences","award":["5340504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5340504"]}]},{"name":"Articulate Biosciences","award":["5340502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5340502"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is a common cause of lameness in the horse. There is no cure, therefore treatments are aimed at reducing pain and improving the joint environment by modifying inflammatory pathways or by viscosupplementation. Here, we report the safety and efficacy of the biolubricant (poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine; pMPC) to mitigate the physical, gross, histological, and biochemical effects of arthritis. We created an osteochondral fragment in the middle carpal joint of one limb in 16 horses to induce PTOA; the contralateral limb served as a sham-operated joint. Two weeks postoperative, half (n = 8) of the horses received a single injection of pMPC in the PTOA joint, while the other half received saline. All sham-operated joints (n = 16) received saline. We conducted clinical evaluations weekly while synovial fluid biomarkers were measured biweekly during the 70-day study period. Subsequently, we performed postmortem gross and histologic analyses. Horses in which PTOA joints were treated with pMPC exhibited mild increases in clinical data, including lameness, effusion, and flexion scores. Similarly, synovial cell count, total protein, and prostaglandin E2 values were higher for pMPC-treated joints. Radiographic changes included significantly higher osteophyte scores in pMPC-treated joints at the terminal timepoint. The biolubricant may demonstrate some chondroprotective effects with lower total erosion scores and higher cartilage glycosaminoglycan content. In summary, when pMPC is administered to PTOA joints, the biolubricant induces a mild inflammatory response but may offer some chondroprotective effects in horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15030404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T08:47:57Z","timestamp":1738572477000},"page":"404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Safety and Efficacy Study of a Synthetic Biolubricant in an Equine Model of Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1767-3837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren K.","family":"Luedke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3088-8827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"Seabaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5477-9051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin G.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6169-3873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus A.","family":"Wimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Wayne","family":"McIlwraith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myra F.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2401-9710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher E.","family":"Kawcak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5453-3668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark W.","family":"Grinstaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8010-4429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurie R.","family":"Goodrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.04.020","article-title":"Epidemiology of Osteoarthritis","volume":"30","author":"Allen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. 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