{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:53:27Z","timestamp":1791287607563,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]],"date-time":"2025-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.550476\/2020-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.550476\/2020-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to scrutinize variations in the intestinal microbiota of neonatal dogs born through natural birth versus elective cesarean section, focusing on evaluating the influence of vaginal seeding on the microbiota of cesarean-born neonates. Samples were collected from cesarean-sectioned females before anesthesia and from naturally birthing females during prodrome signs, along with neonates at eight time points from birth to 15 days of age. In the cesarean section group, seeding was performed in half of the neonates (cesarean section seeding group; seeding consisted of gently rubbing the gauze, obtained from the mother\u2019s vagina, onto the mouths, faces, and bodies of the newborns), while the other half underwent microbiological sample collection without seeding (cesarean section group). Another group (normal birth group) consisted of naturally born neonates. Microbiota analysis included counting for enterobacteria, Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. The results suggested that vertical transmission played a crucial role, but the method of birth did not emerge as the primary determinant of observed differences. Under study conditions, vaginal seeding failed to effectively modulate the microbiota of neonates born through elective cesarean section. Further investigations into the gut\u2013brain axis are suggested for understanding factors influencing the initial development of the canine intestinal microbiota in neonates born through different delivery routes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15030416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T08:47:57Z","timestamp":1738572477000},"page":"416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vaginal Seeding: Is There Any Positive Effect in Canine C-Sections?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6002-6232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samara","family":"Beretta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7738-4722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renatha Almeida de","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4473-5746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa Oliveira","family":"Bianchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaqueline Tamara","family":"Bonavina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6599-9685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Domingos","family":"Rocha-J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3170-3713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayara Camatta","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1071-8740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Jos\u00e9 Luduverio","family":"Pizauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilh\u00e9us 45662-900, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8058-2395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Andreza","family":"Rodrigues-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7666-8440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilson H\u00e9lio","family":"Toniollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3972-0198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marita Vedovelli","family":"Cardozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8360-0471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maricy","family":"Appar\u00edcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01428.x","article-title":"Acid-base changes in canine neonates following normal birth or dystocia","volume":"44","author":"Lucio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. 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