{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T10:42:25Z","timestamp":1783334545089,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["2020R1A6A3A01100076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A6A3A01100076"]}]},{"name":"KU Research Professor Program of Konkuk University, Republic of Korea","award":["2020R1A6A3A01100076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A6A3A01100076"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study objectives were to investigate the heat resistance using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and hair follicles in beef and dairy calves based on heat shock protein (HSP) 70 genetic polymorphisms. The hair follicle samples from sixty calves (6 months old; 30 Korean native beef calves and 30 Holstein dairy calves) were collected for DNA extraction. The HSP70 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was genotyped using a 5\u2032-exonuclease activity (TaqMan) assay. In Study 1, PBMCs were isolated from 20 calves categorized by their HSP70 genotypes during a thermoneutral period: 10 Korean native beef calves (B-CC and B-C\/-type) and 10 Holstein dairy calves (D-CC, D-C\/-type). The PBMCs were then exposed to heat stress at 37 \u00b0C (control, CON) and 42 \u00b0C (heat stress, HS) for 3 h. Following this, the cells were returned to the 37 \u00b0C incubator at 0, 1, 3, 6, and 12 h for further recovery analysis. In Study 2, hair follicles were collected from 20 calves (six times every 30 days; threshold, mild, and moderate stress levels) and HSP70 gene expression was measured. Data were analyzed via two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey\u2019s honestly significant difference (HSD) test. The cell proliferation in the D-C\/-group was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) than in the D-CC and B-C\/-groups at 0 and 1 h after HS for 3 h. The mRNA gene expression of HSP70 was greater (p &lt; 0.01) in all HS groups compared to the CON groups after heat exposure. The expression of the HSP70 gene in the D-C\/-group was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) compared to the B-CC and B-C\/-groups immediately (0 h) following 3 h of HS. The expression in the D-CC group also higher (p &lt; 0.05) than in the B-C\/-group. The gene expression of HSP70 in hair follicles increased more at the moderate HS level than that at the threshold level. In addition, overexpression of HSP70 was noted (p &lt; 0.05) in the D-CC and D-C\/-groups compared to the B-CC and B-C\/-groups. In conclusion, our results indicate that breeds and HSP70 genetic polymorphisms exhibit a distinctive pattern of immune cell proliferation and HSP70 expression profiles. Additionally, the HSP70 gene expression in hair follicles may serve as an indicator of heat resistance across different breeds, making it a potential novel barometer for HS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15040475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T09:02:42Z","timestamp":1738918962000},"page":"475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Heat Shock Protein 70 Gene Polymorphism on Heat Resistance in Beef and Dairy Calves Based on Proliferation and Heat Shock Protein 70 Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Hair Follicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Won Seob","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Ho","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"IANS Co., Ltd., Cheonan-si 31090, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jalil Ghassemi","family":"Nejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"GeneBiotech\/DaOne Chemical, Seongnam-si 13105, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0679-5663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong Gu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"Physiological responses of cattle to heat stress","volume":"8","author":"Farooq","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Appl. 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