{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:01Z","timestamp":1787027461593,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Ciencia y Agenda Digital of Junta de Extremadura","award":["IB20027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IB20027"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Ciencia y Agenda Digital of Junta de Extremadura","award":["POSTDOC_21_00041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POSTDOC_21_00041"]}]},{"name":"European Union by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)","award":["IB20027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IB20027"]}]},{"name":"European Union by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)","award":["POSTDOC_21_00041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POSTDOC_21_00041"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Transformaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades of the Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (ROR code 01jem9c82) Regional Government (Andaluc\u00eda, Spain)","award":["IB20027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IB20027"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Transformaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades of the Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (ROR code 01jem9c82) Regional Government (Andaluc\u00eda, Spain)","award":["POSTDOC_21_00041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POSTDOC_21_00041"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>PCV-3 and PCV-4 are novel viruses that can infect domestic pigs and wild boars. Both viruses are associated with multiple disorders in domestic pigs (reproductive failure, respiratory damage, etc.). However, the clinical impact on wild boars remains unknown. This study aimed to assess the presence of these viruses in wild boars from mid-western Spain and their sanitary impact on the species. A total of 166 submandibular lymph nodes were collected from hunted wild boars, along with available information about their reproductive status, lung injuries, body condition, and tuberculosis status. The samples were used to detect PCV-3 and PCV-4 using real-time PCR. In total, 84.9% of the sampled animals were positive for PCV-3, and 33.7% were positive for PCV-4. The detection of PCV-4 was more frequent in wild boars that had received supplementary feeding, suggesting that the direct contact favored by this practice could increase the transmission of this virus in wild boar populations. The infections did not seem to influence the body condition, reproductive status, lung lesions, or TB lesion severity patterns in the studied animals. Thus, although these viruses have been widely detected throughout wild boar populations from the studied area, they do not seem to be a health threat to this species. Nevertheless, their monitoring in wild boars is recommended, as they are often in contact with extensively reared pigs, which are susceptible to these viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15040523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T06:06:06Z","timestamp":1739340366000},"page":"523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Significant Detection of Porcine Circovirus 3 and Porcine Circovirus 4 in Wild Boars from Mid-Western Spain Without Apparent Sanitary Consequences"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5351-7623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Holgado-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Animal, Unidad de Anatom\u00eda Patol\u00f3gica y Anatom\u00eda Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria de C\u00e1ceres, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3405-8801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Risco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Animal, Unidad de Anatom\u00eda Patol\u00f3gica y Anatom\u00eda Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria de C\u00e1ceres, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4914-7444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Matem\u00e1ticas, Unidad de Estad\u00edstica e Investigaci\u00f3n Operativa, Facultad de Veterinaria de C\u00e1ceres, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5908-9447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remigio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Sanidad Animal,  UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Facultad de Veterinaria de C\u00f3rdoba, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba (ROR code 05yc77b46), 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5090-5842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waldo Luis","family":"Garc\u00eda-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Animal, Unidad de Anatom\u00eda Patol\u00f3gica y Anatom\u00eda Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria de C\u00e1ceres, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5574-4432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Hermoso-De Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Salud Animal, Unidad Patolog\u00eda Infecciosa, Facultad de Veterinaria de C\u00e1ceres, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7590-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Animal, Unidad de Anatom\u00eda Patol\u00f3gica y Anatom\u00eda Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria de C\u00e1ceres, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1307.001","article-title":"Conservation Medicine and a New Agenda for Emerging Diseases","volume":"1026","author":"Daszak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5262","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.6.5262-5267.1998","article-title":"Nucleotide Sequence of Porcine Circovirus Associated with Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Pigs","volume":"72","author":"Hamel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-031412-103720","article-title":"Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2): Pathogenesis and Interaction with the Immune System","volume":"1","author":"Meng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870001200102","article-title":"Porcine Circoviruses: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Allan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR2005106","article-title":"Porcine Circovirus Diseases","volume":"6","author":"Allan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01879-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01879-16","article-title":"A Novel Porcine Circovirus Distantly Related to Known Circoviruses Is Associated with Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome and Reproductive Failure","volume":"91","author":"Palinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, D., Zhang, L., and Xu, S. (2023). Pathogenicity and Immune Modulation of Porcine Circovirus 3. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1280177"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-018-1553-4","article-title":"Detection and Genetic Characterisation of Porcine Circovirus 3 from Pigs in Sweden","volume":"54","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12876","article-title":"Retrospective Detection of Porcine Circovirus 3 (PCV-3) in Pig Serum Samples from Spain","volume":"65","author":"Klaumann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12853","article-title":"Retrospective Study of Porcine Circovirus 3 Infection in China","volume":"65","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1548","article-title":"A Wild Circulation: High Presence of Porcine Circovirus 3 in Different Mammalian Wild Hosts and Ticks","volume":"66","author":"Franzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e296","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12752","article-title":"Insights into the Epidemic Characteristics and Evolutionary History of the Novel Porcine Circovirus Type 3 in Southern China","volume":"65","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12638","article-title":"Identification and Genetic Characterization of Porcine Circovirus Type 3 in China","volume":"64","author":"Ku","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0642-z","article-title":"Detection of a Novel Circovirus PCV3 in Pigs with Cardiac and Multi-Systemic Inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Phan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12639","article-title":"Genome Characterization of a Porcine Circovirus Type 3 in South China","volume":"65","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.06.013","article-title":"Prevalence of Novel Porcine Circovirus 3 in Korean Pig Populations","volume":"207","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12667","article-title":"The Occurrence of Porcine Circovirus 3 without Clinical Infection Signs in Shandong Province","volume":"64","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02045-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02045-18","article-title":"Induction of Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome in Piglets by Infection with Porcine Circovirus Type 3","volume":"93","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0892-4","article-title":"Comparative Epidemiology of Porcine Circovirus Type 3 in Pigs with Different Clinical Presentations","volume":"14","author":"Zhai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13446","article-title":"Novel Circovirus Species Identified in Farmed Pigs Designated as Porcine Circovirus 4, Hunan Province, China","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14184","article-title":"The Seroprevalence of the Newly Identified Porcine Circovirus Type 4 in China Investigated by an Enzymed-linked Immunosorbent Assay","volume":"68","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14172","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine Circovirus 4 in Henan Province of China: A Retrospective Study from 2011 to 2021","volume":"69","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-05088-w","article-title":"Retrospective Surveillance of Porcine Circovirus 4 in Pigs in Inner Mongolia, China, from 2016 to 2018","volume":"166","author":"Ha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-02181-1","article-title":"First Detection of Porcine Circovirus 4 (PCV-4) in Europe","volume":"20","author":"Arnal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35579","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Emerging Porcine Circovirus in Taiwan","volume":"10","author":"Hung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroeger, M., Vargas-Bermudez, D.S., Jaime, J., Parada, J., Groeltz, J., Gauger, P., and Pi\u00f1eyro, P. (2024). First Detection of PCV4 in Swine in the United States: Codetection with PCV2 and PCV3 and Direct Detection within Tissues. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66328-y"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14017","article-title":"Molecular-based Detection, Genetic Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine Circovirus 4 from Korean Domestic Swine Farms","volume":"69","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirisereewan, C., Nguyen, T.C., Piewbang, C., Jittimanee, S., Kedkovid, R., and Thanawongnuwech, R. (2023). Molecular Detection and Genetic Characterization of Porcine Circovirus 4 (PCV4) in Thailand during 2019\u20132020. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32382-1"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.47665\/tb.40.3.005","article-title":"First Molecular Detection of Porcine Circovirus Type 4 (PCV4) in Malaysia","volume":"40","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franzo, G., Ruiz, A., Grassi, L., Sibila, M., Drigo, M., and Segal\u00e9s, J. (2020). Lack of Porcine Circovirus 4 Genome Detection in Pig Samples from Italy and Spain. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060433"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vargas-Bermudez, D.S., Mogoll\u00f3n, J.D., and Jaime, J. (2022). The Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of PCV3 and PCV2 in Colombia and PCV4 Survey during 2015\u20132016 and 2018\u20132019. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060633"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H., Hou, C., Wang, Z., Meng, P., Chen, H., and Cao, H. (2022). First Complete Genomic Sequence Analysis of Porcine Circovirus Type 4 (PCV4) in Wild Boars. Vet. Microbiol., 273.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109547"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, T., Chen, X.-M., Fu, Y., Ai, Y., Wang, D.-M., Wei, Z.-Y., Li, X.-S., Zheng, L.-L., and Chen, H.-Y. (2022). Cross-Species Transmission of an Emerging Porcine Circovirus (PCV4): First Molecular Detection and Retrospective Investigation in Dairy Cows. Vet. Microbiol., 273.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109528"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, T., Chen, L., Huang, B.-Z., Zhu, L., Sun, X.-G., Lai, S.-Y., Ai, Y.-R., Zhou, Y.-C., and Xu, Z.-W. (2023). The First Dog-Origin Porcine Circovirus Type 4 Complete Genomic Sequence Have High Homology with That of Pig-Derived Strains. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1121177"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.145384","article-title":"Detection and Genetic Characterization of Porcine Circovirus 4 (PCV4) in Guangxi, China","volume":"773","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13714","article-title":"Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine Circovirus 4 in Henan and Shanxi Provinces of China","volume":"68","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2004008","article-title":"Epidemiological Study on Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Infection in the European Wild Boar (Sus Scrofa)","volume":"35","author":"Vicente","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12112","article-title":"Influence of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infections on Bovine Tuberculosis in Wild Boar Populations","volume":"60","author":"Risco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Cellina, S. (2008). Effects of Supplemental Feeding on the Body Condition and Reproductive State of Wild Boar Sus Scrofa in Luxembourg, University of Sussex."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13058","article-title":"Seasonal and Dietary Effects on Vitamin D Deficiencies Detected in Wild Boar from Mid-western Spain","volume":"103","author":"Risco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"419","article-title":"Aging Wild Boar (Sus Scrofa) by Tooth Eruption","volume":"91","author":"Boitani","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ongules\/Ungulates"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.12.048","article-title":"Biometrical Measurements as Efficient Indicators to Assess Wild Boar Body Condition","volume":"88","author":"Risco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2307\/3801207","article-title":"Body Fat Reserves and Their Prediction in Two Populations of Feral Swine","volume":"48","author":"Stribling","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638718770495","article-title":"Development and Validation of Direct PCR and Quantitative PCR Assays for the Rapid, Sensitive, and Economical Detection of Porcine Circovirus 3","volume":"30","author":"Franzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12060","article-title":"High-density Dependence but Low Impact on Selected Reproduction Parameters of Brucella Suis Biovar 2 in Wild Boar Hunting Estates from South-Western Spain","volume":"61","author":"Risco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1994.tb05370.x","article-title":"Diet and Condition of Wild Boar, Sus Scrofu Scrofu, without Supplementary Feeding","volume":"233","author":"Hazebroek","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.07.001","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Six Reproductive Pathogens in European Wild Boar (Sus Scrofa) from Spain: The Effect on Wild Boar Female Reproductive Performance","volume":"65","author":"Vicente","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-015-0937-1","article-title":"Pathological Observations of Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) in the Wild Boar (Sus Scrofa)","volume":"61","author":"Risco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.1936-1941.2003","article-title":"Comparison of the Pathogenesis of Two Genetically Different H3N2 Influenza A Viruses in Pigs","volume":"41","author":"Landolt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.41-6-624","article-title":"Experimental Reproduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Pigs by Dual Infection with Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae and Porcine Circovirus Type 2","volume":"41","author":"Opriessnig","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bravo, M., Gon\u00e7alves, P., Garc\u00eda-Jim\u00e9nez, W., Montero, M.J., Cerrato, R., Fern\u00e1ndez-Llario, P., and Risco, D. (2024). Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria-Derived Postbiotic Supplementation on Tuberculosis in Wild Boar Populations. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13121078"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dei Giudici, S., Franzoni, G., Bonelli, P., Angioi, P.P., Zinellu, S., Deriu, V., Carta, T., Sechi, A.M., Salis, F., and Balzano, F. (2020). Genetic Characterization of Porcine Circovirus 3 Strains Circulating in Sardinian Pigs and Wild Boars. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050344"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12988","article-title":"Porcine Circovirus 3 Is Highly Prevalent in Serum and Tissues and May Persistently Infect Wild Boar (Sus Scrofa Scrofa)","volume":"66","author":"Klaumann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vargas-Berm\u00fadez, D.S., Vargas-Pinto, M.A., Mogoll\u00f3n, J.D., and Jaime, J. (2021). Field Infection of a Gilt and Its Litter Demonstrates Vertical Transmission and Effect on Reproductive Failure Caused by Porcine Circovirus Type 3 (PCV3). BMC Vet. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02862-5"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870701900601","article-title":"Porcine Circovirus Type 2\u2013Associated Disease: Update on Current Terminology, Clinical Manifestations, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Intervention Strategies","volume":"19","author":"Opriessnig","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.1998.0258","article-title":"Pathological, Immunohistochemical, and In-Situ Hybridization Studies of Natural Cases of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) in Pigs","volume":"120","author":"Rosell","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005044","article-title":"Wild Boar and Red Deer Display High Prevalences of Tuberculosis-like Lesions in Spain","volume":"37","author":"Vicente","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.11.010","article-title":"Impacts of Wildlife Baiting and Supplemental Feeding on Infectious Disease Transmission Risk: A Synthesis of Knowledge","volume":"113","author":"Sorensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.10.034","article-title":"Wildlife Health and Supplemental Feeding: A Review and Management Recommendations","volume":"204","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04380.x","article-title":"Natural Aujeszky\u2019s Disease in a Spanish Wild Boar Population","volume":"969","author":"Vicente","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.02.019","article-title":"Supplemental Feeding Drives Endoparasite Infection in Wild Boar in Western Spain","volume":"196","author":"Mentaberre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.198764","article-title":"Five Years of Porcine Circovirus 3: What Have We Learned about the Clinical Disease, Immune Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis","volume":"314","author":"Kroeger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7308995","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/7308995","article-title":"Effect of PCV-2 Vaccination on Cytokines Gene Expression Profile in Wild Boar Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells after Stimulation with Mycobacteria Antigens","volume":"2024","author":"Risco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Risco, D., Serrano, E., Fern\u00e1ndez-Llario, P., Cuesta, J.M., Gon\u00e7alves, P., Garc\u00eda-Jim\u00e9nez, W.L., Mart\u00ednez, R., Cerrato, R., Velarde, R., and G\u00f3mez, L. (2014). Severity of Bovine Tuberculosis Is Associated with Co-Infection with Common Pathogens in Wild Boar. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110123"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirisereewan, C., Thanawongnuwech, R., and Kedkovid, R. (2022). Current Understanding of the Pathogenesis of Porcine Circovirus 3. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11010064"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.08.008","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Interactions between Livestock and Wildlife in South Central Spain Assessed by Camera Traps","volume":"112","author":"Kukielka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/4\/523\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:32:02Z","timestamp":1760027522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/4\/523"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15040523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15040523","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]}}}