{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T17:21:27Z","timestamp":1778260887011,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reproductive efficiency has a major impact on the profitability of dairy operations. Focusing on improving the reproductive performance of cows with expected reduced fertility is desired; however, further research is needed in this area. The objectives of this study were to identify a subpopulation of cows with suboptimal fertility and evaluate whether hormonal interventions would improve the reproductive efficiency of low-fertility cows. Cows in one herd were enrolled in the study at 50 days in milk (DIM) and classified as low or high fertility according to a proprietary Fertility Index. Weekly cohorts of cows were allocated to three treatments at 50 DIM: (1) high fertility and Presynch-Ovsynch (H-PO; n = 1036); (2) low fertility and Presynch-Ovsynch (L-PO; n = 665); (3) low fertility and Double-Ovsynch (L-DO; n = 645). The voluntary waiting period (VWP) was 65 and 50 DIM for first-lactation and second- and greater-lactation cows, respectively, regardless of the treatment group. For H-PO and L-PO treatments, Presynch-Ovsynch was initiated at 75 \u00b1 3 DIM, and when cows were not inseminated early after detected estrus, timed artificial insemination (TAI) occurred at 113 \u00b1 3 DIM. For cows assigned to the L-DO treatment, Double-Ovsynch was initiated at 53 \u00b1 3 DIM, and when cows were not inseminated early after detected estrus, TAI occurred at 80 \u00b1 3 DIM. All cows were eligible to be inseminated after the end of the VWP and during the entire presynchronization schemes. The Fertility Index successfully identified differences in pregnancy and culling outcomes regardless of the lactation number. Fewer cows (p &lt; 0.01) predicted to have high compared with low fertility required a TAI for the first service, more (p &lt; 0.01) were pregnant by 100 DIM, more (p &lt; 0.01) were alive and pregnant by 250 DIM, fewer (p &lt; 0.01) were culled by 250 DIM, and fewer tended (p = 0.08) to have pregnancy loss after first AI. Applying a fertility scheme (DO) to low-fertility cows failed to increase the proportion of cows pregnant by 250 DIM compared with low-fertility cows exposed to PO when cows were allowed to be inseminated at estrus during the entire presynchronization scheme. We conclude that submitting low-fertility cows to DO optimized the service rate for the first service; however, it did not increase pregnancy per AI compared with L-PO. Lastly, the Fertility Index successfully predicted differences in practical reproductive outcomes routinely monitored in dairy farms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15040536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T05:10:22Z","timestamp":1739423422000},"page":"536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Reproductive Efficiency of Low-Fertility Dairy Cows Submitted to Presynch-Ovsynch or Double-Ovsynch Scheme for First Service"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2338-9525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Gustavo Delamanha","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Animal Health Technology Labs, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Wronka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Animal Health, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Fridkovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD Animal Health Technology Labs, Netanya 4250553, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6102-1970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd","family":"Bilby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Animal Health, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1770-8051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.01.041","article-title":"Breeding animals to feed people: The many roles of animal reproduction in ensuring global food security","volume":"150","author":"Davis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s42522-023-00089-y","article-title":"The impact of controlling diseases of significant global importance on greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production","volume":"5","author":"Capper","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Health Outlook"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10292","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12959","article-title":"A 100-Year Review: Practical female reproductive management","volume":"100","author":"Stevenson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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