{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T11:45:33Z","timestamp":1785930333467,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The medial approach is a traditional portal during elbow arthroscopy. Some researchers have suggested that the caudo-medial arthroscopic approach allows better visualization of the medial and caudal elbow compartments. Such a portal is created caudally to the medial humeral epicondyle\u2019s caudal aspect in the ulnar nerve\u2019s vicinity. Therefore, we investigated the risk of ulnar nerve injury following the caudo-medial portal placement in 30 canine cadavers. After the telescope was inserted, an incision was made to visualize the nerve, and the distance between the cannula and the nerve was measured. An injury was diagnosed when the telescope at least scratched the nerve. The distance between the arthroscopic cannula and the ulnar nerve ranged from 0 to 8.0 mm (median: 0.5 mm) in 60 joints. Nerve injury occurred in 16\/30 dogs (53%; CI 95%: 36%, 70%)\u2014in 11 unilaterally and 5 bilaterally. In addition, in eight dogs, the cannula directly touched the nerve, creating a high risk of trauma. In total, nerve injury or high risk of trauma occurred in 21\/30 dogs (70%; CI 95%: 52%, 83%). Ulnar nerve injury during caudo-medial arthroscopic portal creation appears common.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15040543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T08:01:19Z","timestamp":1739433679000},"page":"543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Risk of Ulnar Nerve Injury Following Caudo-Medial Arthroscopic Portal Creation in the Canine Elbow\u2014A Cadaveric Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4213-1207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Tr\u0119bacz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Small Animals, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0665-4502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Frymus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Small Animals, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0626-8206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Pawlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CABIOMEDE Ltd., Karola Olszewskiego 21, 25-663 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Medical Devices Engineering, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Barteczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CABIOMEDE Ltd., Karola Olszewskiego 21, 25-663 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kurkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CABIOMEDE Ltd., Karola Olszewskiego 21, 25-663 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Medical Devices Engineering, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Berczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Practice, Al. Niepodleg\u0142o\u015bci 24\/30, 02-653 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4238-8360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Czopowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1993.54.01.191","article-title":"Elbow arthroscopy in clinically normal dogs","volume":"54","author":"Simoens","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beale, B.S., Hulse, D.A., Schulz, K.S., and Whitney, W.O. (2003). 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