{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:15:23Z","timestamp":1791724523782,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,16]],"date-time":"2025-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Aviagen","award":["AWD-105664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AWD-105664"]}]},{"name":"Aviagen","award":["AWD-104383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AWD-104383"]}]},{"name":"Novonesis","award":["AWD-105664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AWD-105664"]}]},{"name":"Novonesis","award":["AWD-104383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AWD-104383"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) is caused by several bacteria, including Salmonella, Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and Mycoplasma spp., and BCO is a significant animal health and welfare issue in broiler production, causing 1\u20132% of bird condemnation at marketing age and resulting in annual losses of tens of millions of dollars. This study evaluated the efficacy of a probiotic program alone and combined with a multivalent electron beam (eBeam)-inactivated vaccine in reducing BCO lameness. The probiotic program included an Enterococcus faecium spray (E. faecium 669, at 2 \u00d7 109 CFU\/bird) at hatch and a triple-strain Bacillus-based product (B. subtilis 597, B. subtilis 600, and B. amyloliquefaciens 516 at 1 \u00d7 109 CFU\/bird\/day) in drinking water from day 1 to day 56. An aerosol transmission challenge model simulated commercial bacterial exposure. Birds were divided into five groups: a positive control (PC) group (T1) and a negative control (NC) group (T2) receiving no treatment and three treatment groups receiving the probiotic program (T3), the multivalent vaccine (T4), or both the probiotic program and the multivalent vaccine (T5). Data analyzed via ANOVA (p &lt; 0.05) showed T3, T4, and T5 had significantly lower lameness (43.7%, 40.3%, and 40.7%) than T2 (71.0%) and T1 (83.0%). T5 resulted in reductions comparable to T4, indicating no significant synergistic effect. These findings show that probiotics alone or with a vaccine effectively mitigate BCO lameness, enhance broiler welfare, and reduce economic losses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15040570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T10:26:12Z","timestamp":1739787972000},"page":"570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluating the Effectiveness of Probiotic and Multivalent Vaccination Strategies in Mitigating Bacterial Chondronecrosis with Osteomyelitis Lameness Using a Hybrid Challenge Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Amanda","family":"Anthney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9137-6734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khawla","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"},{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruvindu","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"},{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5119-0355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anh Dang Trieu","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"},{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6793-1833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andi","family":"Asnayanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reginald","family":"Onyema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aviagen North America (NA), Huntsville, AL 35806, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Reichelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aviagen North America (NA), Huntsville, AL 35806, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Meuter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health & Nutrition, Novonesis, 2970 H\u00f8rsholm, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9128-4544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Palmy R. R.","family":"Jesudhasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"},{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"},{"name":"Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5122-9150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adnan A. K.","family":"Alrubaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"},{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"USDA (2024, June 02). Poultry Sector at a Glance United States Department of Agriculture, Available online: https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/topics\/animal-products\/poultry-eggs\/sector-at-a-glance\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-016-0398-2","article-title":"Breeding for efficiency in the broiler chicken: A review","volume":"36","author":"Tallentire","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. 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