{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:22:29Z","timestamp":1790162549916,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) syndrome is a life-threatening emergency and its physiopathology and treatment have been studied for decades. Despite ongoing research, the mortality rate is still high. The aims of this study are to describe the treatment and outcome of GDV patients treated from 2011 to 2024 at the veterinary teaching hospital of Grugliasco (Turin, Italy); to analyze risk and prognostic factors, comparing the obtained data with current literature; and to evaluate how patients\u2019 management has changed over the years. The study included 130 dogs with a confirmed GDV diagnosis that underwent surgery. The data were extracted from the digital and hardcopy clinical record, combined with the imaging diagnostic software and an interview submitted to the dogs\u2019 owners. The analysis showed the predominance (25.38%) of German Shepherd dogs, as well as of males (59.25%); among the latter, intact dogs were most represented (53.1%). Age between 5\u201310 years was most frequent in the examined population (54.69%). The surgical technique went through changes during the examined period: the belt loop has been abandoned in favor of the incisional gastropexy. The survival rate of GDV surgically treated dogs was 86.4%. Lactate blood concentration and splenectomy were not assessed as relevant prognostic factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15040579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T06:41:12Z","timestamp":1739860872000},"page":"579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus in Dogs: Analysis of 130 Cases in a Single Institution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6474-7398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Olimpo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1103-7127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Cillari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7164-0617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica Ilaria","family":"Ferraris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8906-9490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Giacobino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7746-2583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Savarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0788-0376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa Adele","family":"Piras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greta","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9801-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela Maria","family":"Morello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.11.004","article-title":"Updated Information on Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus and Gastropexy in Dogs","volume":"52","author":"Rosselli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12723","article-title":"Gastric dilation-volvulus in dogs attending UK emergency-care veterinary practices: Prevalence, risk factors and survival","volume":"58","author":"Case","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-34-1-64","article-title":"Influence of thoracic conformation and genetics on the risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus in Irish setters","volume":"34","author":"Schellenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"271","article-title":"Comparison of saphenous and cephalic blood lactate concentrations in dogs with gastric dilatation and volvulus: 45 cases","volume":"82","author":"Oron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunner, A., Schuller, S., Hettlich, B., Marti, E., Lehmann, A., Peters, L.M., and Adamik, K.-N. (2021). Kinetics of Plasma Cytokines, Angiopoietin-2, and C-Reactive Protein in Dogs with Gastric Dilatation Volvulus. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.652479"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.229.12.1934","article-title":"Risk factors associated with short-term outcome and development of perioperative complications in dogs undergoing surgery because of gastric dilatation-volvulus: 166 cases (1992\u20132003)","volume":"229","author":"Beck","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(03)00059-7","article-title":"Gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Monnet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"75","article-title":"Belt-loop gastropexy: Technique and surgical results in 20 dogs","volume":"25","author":"Whitney","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcam.2020.100403","article-title":"Acid-Base, Electrolyte and Lactate Abnormalities as Well as Gastric Necrosis and Survival in Dogs with Gastric Dilation-Volvulus Syndrome. A Retrospective Study in 75 Dogs","volume":"39","author":"Rehakova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1995.207.04.0460","article-title":"Canine gastric dilatation\/volvulus syndrome in a veterinary critical care unit: 295 cases (1986\u20131992)","volume":"207","author":"Brockman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.9.1334","article-title":"Evaluation of lidocaine treatment and risk factors for death associated with gastric dilatation and volvulus in dogs: 112 Cases (1997\u2013 2005)","volume":"230","author":"Buber","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.204.09.1465","article-title":"Analysis of risk factors for gastric dilatation and dilatation-volvulus in dogs","volume":"204","author":"Glickman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12942","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of 736 cases of canine gastric dilatation volvulus","volume":"98","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"4","article-title":"Correlation of neuter status and expression of heritable disorders","volume":"26","author":"Belanger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Canine Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.17555\/jvc.2015.06.32.3.255","article-title":"Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus in Shihtzu","volume":"32","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Clin."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-32-4-287","article-title":"Gastric dilatation-volvulus in the dog with histological evidence of preexisting inflammatory bowel disease: A retrospective study of 23 cases","volume":"32","author":"Braun","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1190","article-title":"Gastric foreign body as a risk factor for gastric dilatation and volvulus in dogs","volume":"24","author":"Toscano","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(01)50006-6","article-title":"Conditions Associated with Canine Hypothyroidism","volume":"31","author":"Panciera","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Ettinger, S.J., Feldman, E.C., and Cote, E. (2017). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Elsevier. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.217.1492","article-title":"Non-dietary risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in large and giant breed dogs","volume":"217","author":"Glickman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.5326\/0400192","article-title":"Diet-related risk factors for gastric dilatation- volvulus in dogs of high-risk breeds","volume":"40","author":"Raghavan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-34-3-253","article-title":"A prospective study of survival and recurrence following the acute gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in 136 dogs","volume":"34","author":"Glickman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"981","article-title":"Occurrence and recurrence of gastric dilatation with or without volvulus after incisional gastropexy","volume":"55","author":"Przywara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.208.11.1855","article-title":"Factors associated with perioperative mortality in dogs with surgically managed gastric dilatation-volvulus: 137 cases (1988\u20131993)","volume":"208","author":"Brourman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.5326\/0460097","article-title":"A retrospective study of factors influencing survival following surgery for gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in 306 dogs","volume":"46","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1986.tb00214.x","article-title":"Partial invagination of the canine stomach for treatment of infarction of the gastric wall","volume":"15","author":"MacCOY","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.12.1895","article-title":"Gastric ulceration subsequent to partial invagination of the stomach in a dog with gastric dilatation-volvulus","volume":"228","author":"Parton","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2014.09.003","article-title":"Postoperative management of dogs with gastric dilatation and volvulus","volume":"29","author":"Bruchim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.5326\/0390361","article-title":"Bacteremia and bacterial translocation in the naturally occurring canine gastric dilatation-volvulus patient","volume":"39","author":"Winkler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1982.180.07.739","article-title":"Gastric dilatation-volvulus in the dog, with emphasis on cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"180","author":"Muir","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03307","article-title":"Pre- and post-surgical evaluation of plasma lactate concentration in 45 dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus: A preliminary study","volume":"6","author":"Grassato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.1.54","article-title":"Evaluation of plasma lactate concentration and base excess at the time of hospital admission as predictors of gastric necrosis and outcome and correlation between those variables in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus: 78 cases (2004\u20132009)","volume":"242","author":"Beer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.236.8.892","article-title":"Association between outcome and changes in plasma lactate concentration during presurgical treatment in dogs with gastric dilatation- volvulus: 64 cases (2002\u20132008)","volume":"236","author":"Zacher","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/4\/579\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:36:43Z","timestamp":1760027803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/4\/579"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15040579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15040579","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]}}}