{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T12:48:27Z","timestamp":1792759707901,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tannins are secondary metabolites naturally present in various plants as a defense mechanism. In animal nutrition, they play a dual role, acting as both antinutritional factors and bioactive agents, with potential benefits in nutrient metabolism and product quality. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary tannin on nutrient intake and digestibility, blood serum metabolite levels, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality in small ruminants. Ninety-seven studies were included in this meta-analysis. The effects of tannins were analyzed using a random-effects model to determine the weighted mean difference between treatments with tannins and the control (without tannins). Publication bias and heterogeneity between studies were explored, and meta-regression and subgroup analyses were performed. The results indicated that tannin significantly increased the intake of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen (N), fecal N, and meat fatty acids (FA), such as C18:2 \u03c96, C18:3 \u03c93, C20:4 \u03c96, C20:5 \u03c93, total \u03c93 and \u03c96 FA, and total polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). However, NH3-N, urinary N, blood urea nitrogen, cold carcass weight, subcutaneous fat thickness, drip loss, and nutrient digestibility decreased. In conclusion, tannin in small ruminants did not affect animal productivity and antioxidative status, but mainly modified nitrogen metabolism and improved the fatty acid profile of meat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15040596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T03:29:53Z","timestamp":1739935793000},"page":"596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Meta-Analysis of Dietary Tannins in Small Ruminant Diets: Effects on Growth Performance, Serum Metabolites, Antioxidant Status, Ruminal Fermentation, Meat Quality, and Fatty Acid Profile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1595-1472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asma","family":"Al Rharad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical-Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Abdelmalek Ess\u00e2adi University, Tangier 90000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1398-0402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soufiane","family":"El Aayadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production Department, Institut Agronomique et Veterinaire Hassan II, Medinat Al Irfane, Rabat 10112, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8838-1347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Avril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AgroBiosciences et Chimie, Haute \u00c9cole Provinciale de Hainaut Condorcet, 7800 Ath, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3488-4660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alassane","family":"Souradjou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8942-4138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fafa","family":"Sow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senegalese Institute for Agricultural Research (ISRA), Dakar PB 3120, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1664-4962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Younouss","family":"Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement Productions Animales et \u00c9levage (PAE), UFR Sciences Agronomiques, Aquaculture et Transformation Agroalimentaire (S2ATA), Universit\u00e9 Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis BP 234, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1831-1440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"Hornick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4316-7818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soumaya","family":"Boukrouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joy, A., Dunshea, F.R., Leury, B.J., Clarke, I.J., DiGiacomo, K., and Chauhan, S.S. 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