{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T23:17:02Z","timestamp":1779319022670,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Buffalo Research and Development project, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, People\u2019s Republic of Bangladesh","award":["12-ES-BRDP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12-ES-BRDP"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study aimed to determine the effect of intra-vaginal bio-stimulation with a modified penis-like device (mPLD) or artificial penis and clitoral massage subsequent to artificial insemination (AI) to increase the pregnancy rate of water buffaloes. The AI was performed on 160 buffalo cows after observing their estrus sign. The buffalo cows were divided into four experimental groups (group A: only AI was conducted; group B: intra-vaginal bio-stimulation with a mPLD following AI; group C: massage of the clitoris after AI; group D: both the mPLD and the clitoral massage were used following AI). Each group consisted of 40 animals. Age, parity, body weight, reproductive health status, history of previous calving difficulties, and estrus detection method were recorded. The overall pregnancy rate was found to be 41.3%. The pregnancy rate in groups A, B, C, and D were 32.5, 42.2, 37.5 and 52.5%, respectively. It was determined that both the application of intra-vaginal bio-stimulation with a mPLD and massage of the clitoris following AI (group D) showed a significant effect on pregnancy rate than the control group (group A). It is concluded that the application of a mPLD in conjugation with massage of the clitoris enhances the pregnancy rate of buffalo cows in the coastal region of Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15040597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T03:29:53Z","timestamp":1739935793000},"page":"597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intra-Vaginal Bio-Stimulation and Clitoral Massage to Enhance Pregnancy Rates in Water Buffalo in Coastal Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5678-6979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashit Kumar","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Theriogenology and Reproductive Biotechnology Lab., Department of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Outer Campus, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0424-5246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md.","family":"Fakruzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Outer Campus, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0925-3509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Ashadul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buffalo Research and Development Project, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gautam Kumar","family":"Deb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buffalo Research and Development Project, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. A. M. Yahia","family":"Khandoker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Department of Livestock Services (DLS) (2023, August 26). 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