{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T06:51:04Z","timestamp":1780642264876,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101000216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101000216"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of infrared thermography (IRT) to be used for the in situ clinical assessment of udder health status across lactation in goats. Two epidemiological studies were designed, with 106 purebred Skopelos goats being prospectively monitored over one lactation in the first study and 132 goats of the same breed from a second farm being enrolled in the second, cross-sectional study. Goats were categorized based on the clinical status of each udder half (healthy, fibrotic, both fibrotic and asymmetric, asymmetric, swollen supra-mammary lymph nodes, and abscessed). Skin surface temperature values of teats (TSST) and udder halves (USST), as well as temperature variations between different types of abscesses, based on the stage of their development (superficial developed, superficial fully mature, drained), and the symmetrical sites of the non-affected udder halves, were evaluated. Mixed linear regression analyses indicated that fibrosis, particularly when accompanied by asymmetry, resulted in a decrease of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.3 \u00b0C (p &lt; 0.05) and of 0.6, 0.9, and 1.4 \u00b0C (p &lt; 0.001) in the maximum, mean, and minimum USST, respectively. Recording season significantly affected USST and TSST (p &lt; 0.001), with both of them increasing between February and August. Additionally, TSST appeared to be an unreliable indicator of udder health status, while abscesses exhibited distinct temperature patterns based on their developmental stage. It is concluded that IRT has the potential to be used on site for the detection of temperature alterations associated with chronic udder health issues, yet future studies on a larger and more diverse population of goats with various udder health conditions is needed to confirm its extensive applicability under real-world conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15050658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T10:52:47Z","timestamp":1740394367000},"page":"658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Clinical Assessment of Dairy Goats\u2019 Udder Health Using Infrared Thermography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4795-1141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Korelidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeljana","family":"Grbovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9811-9485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dejan","family":"Pavlovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5843-4766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isidora","family":"Simovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7993-6826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Panic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasios","family":"Temenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rural, Surveying and Geoinformatics Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechneiou Str., 15773 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1144-3918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios I.","family":"Gelasakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews, J. (2016). Diseases of the Mammary Gland. Diseases of the Goat, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119073543"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0302","article-title":"Mammary Tissue Damage during Bovine Mastitis: Causes and Control","volume":"86","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.20.0156","article-title":"Bovine Mastitis: Risk Factors, Therapeutic Strategies, and Alternative Treatments\u2014A Review","volume":"33","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2022.02.007","article-title":"Pathology of the Mammary Gland in Sheep and Goats","volume":"193","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.03.001","article-title":"New Perspectives in Udder Health Management","volume":"28","author":"Ruegg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Constable, P.D., Hinchcliff, K.W., Done, S.H., and Gr\u00fcnberg, W. (2017). Diseases of the Mammary Gland. Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs, and Goats, Elsevier Ltd."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, M.C., and Sherman, D.M. (2009). Mammary Gland and Milk Production. Goat Medicine, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780813818825.ch14"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2012.675634","article-title":"Diagnostic Tools to Monitor Udder Health in Dairy Goats","volume":"32","author":"Koop","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2013.12.002","article-title":"The Diagnosis of Mastitis and Contagious Agalactia in Dairy Goats","volume":"121","author":"Paterna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2009.05.004","article-title":"Mastitis Detection: Current Trends and Future Perspectives","volume":"27","author":"Viguier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, S.A.M., Martins, V.C., Cardoso, F.A., Germano, J., Rodrigues, M., Duarte, C., Bexiga, R., Cardoso, S., and Freitas, P.P. (2019). Biosensors for On-Farm Diagnosis of Mastitis. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00186"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2021.100429","article-title":"Review: Precision Livestock Farming Technologies in Pasture-Based Livestock Systems","volume":"16","author":"Aquilani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2016.11.004","article-title":"Recent Advances in Wearable Sensors for Animal Health Management","volume":"12","author":"Neethirajan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Biosensing Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schillings, J., Bennett, R., and Rose, D.C. (2021). Exploring the Potential of Precision Livestock Farming Technologies to Help Address Farm Animal Welfare. Front. Anim. Sci., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2021.639678"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the Mammary Gland in Ruminants: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Fasulkov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Pugh, D.G. (2002). Sheep and Goat Medicine, Elsevier Saunders. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.01.017","article-title":"Infrared Thermography as a Non-Invasive Method for the Evaluation of Heat Stress in Pigs Kept in Pens Free of Cages in the Maternity","volume":"157","author":"Ricci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2022.113781","article-title":"Eye Surface Infrared Thermography Usefulness as a Noninvasive Method of Measuring Stress Response in Sheep during Shearing: Correlations with Serum Cortisol and Rectal Temperature Values","volume":"250","author":"Arfuso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2021.106592","article-title":"Non-Invasive Measure of Heat Stress in Sheep Using Machine Learning Techniques and Infrared Thermography","volume":"207","author":"Joy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicentini, R.R., Montanholi, Y.R., Veroneze, R., Oliveira, A.P., Lima, M.L.P., Ujita, A., and El Faro, L. (2020). Infrared Thermography Reveals Surface Body Temperature Changes during Proestrus and Estrus Reproductive Phases in Gyr Heifers (Bos taurus indicus). J. Therm. Biol., 92.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2020.102662"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2021.100205","article-title":"Evaluation of Infrared Thermography Combined with Behavioral Biometrics for Estrus Detection in Naturally Cycling Dairy Cows","volume":"15","author":"Ambrose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-015-1015-9","article-title":"Infrared Thermography as a Tool to Evaluate Body Surface Temperature and Its Relationship with Feed Efficiency in Bos indicus Cattle in Tropical Conditions","volume":"60","author":"Martello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2018.10.007","article-title":"Relationship between Residual Feed Intake and Radiated Heat Loss Using Infrared Thermography in Young Beef Bulls","volume":"78","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.09.021","article-title":"The Non-Invasive and Automated Detection of Bovine Respiratory Disease Onset in Receiver Calves Using Infrared Thermography","volume":"93","author":"Schaefer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.07.002","article-title":"Use of Thermographic Images to Detect External Parasite Load in Cattle","volume":"127","author":"Cortivo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelasakis, A.I., Kalogianni, A.I., Moschovas, M., Tsimpouri, E., Pnevmatikos, T., Bossis, I., Arsenos, G., and Simitzis, P. (2021). Evaluation of Infrared Thermography for the Detection of Footrot and White Line Disease Lesions in Dairy Sheep. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8100219"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaninelli, M., Redaelli, V., Luzi, F., Bronzo, V., Mitchell, M., Dell\u2019Orto, V., Bontempo, V., Cattaneo, D., and Savoini, G. (2018). First Evaluation of Infrared Thermography as a Tool for the Monitoring of Udder Health Status in Farms of Dairy Cows. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030862"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"329","article-title":"Applications of Infrared Thermography in Animal Production","volume":"22","author":"Kunc","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anadolu Tar\u0131m Bilim. Derg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.01.027","article-title":"Infrared Thermography in Animal Production: An Overview","volume":"123","author":"McManus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.10.030","article-title":"Infrared Thermography of the Udder Surface of Dairy Cattle: Characteristics, Methods, and Correlation with Rectal Temperature","volume":"199","author":"Metzner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029918000213","article-title":"Udder Skin Surface Temperature Variation Pre- and Post-Milking in Dairy Cows as Determined by Infrared Thermography","volume":"85","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"3525","article-title":"Sensitivity and Specificity of Infrared Thermography in Detection of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows","volume":"93","author":"Polat","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"10310","article-title":"Application of Udder Surface Temperature by Infrared Thermography for Diagnosis of Subclinical Mastitis in Holstein Cows Located in Tropical Highlands","volume":"104","author":"Giraldo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2022.100646","article-title":"Accurate Detection of Dairy Cow Mastitis with Deep Learning Technology: A New and Comprehensive Detection Method Based on Infrared Thermal Images","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2013.11.029","article-title":"Infrared Thermography as a Tool to Determine Teat Tissue Changes Caused by Machine Milking in Murciano-Granadina Goats","volume":"160","author":"Alejandro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tangorra, F.M., Redaelli, V., Luzi, F., and Zaninelli, M. (2019). The Use of Infrared Thermography for the Monitoring of Udder Teat Stress Caused by Milking Machines. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9060384"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-46-137","article-title":"Infrared Thermography and Ultrasonography to Indirectly Monitor the Influence of Liner Type and Overmilking on Teat Tissue Recovery","volume":"46","author":"Paulrud","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.17221\/1954-RAE","article-title":"Milking-Related Changes of Teat Temperature Caused by Various Milking Machines","volume":"53","author":"Vegricht","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korelidou, V., Simitzis, P., Massouras, T., and Gelasakis, A.I. (2024). Infrared Thermography as a Diagnostic Tool for the Assessment of Mastitis in Dairy Ruminants. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14182691"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105754","article-title":"Automatic Recognition of Dairy Cow Mastitis from Thermal Images by a Deep Learning Detector","volume":"178","author":"Xudong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khakimov, A.R., Pavkin, D.Y., Yurochka, S.S., Astashev, M.E., and Dovlatov, I.M. (2022). Development of an Algorithm for Rapid Herd Evaluation and Predicting Milk Yield of Mastitis Cows Based on Infrared Thermography. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12136621"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anscip.2023.01.253","article-title":"O-177 The Use of Infrared Thermography for the Clinical Assessment of Udder Health Status in Goats","volume":"14","author":"Korelidou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim.-Sci. Proc."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Korelidou, V., Kalogianni, A.I., and Gelasakis, A.I. (September, January 26). The Association between Body Condition Score and the Udder Skin Surface Temperature in Goats. Proceedings of the 74th Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science, Lyon, France."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marnet, P.G., Velasquez, A.B., and Dzidic, A. (2024). Infrared Thermography of Teat in French Dairy Alpine Goats: A Promising Tool to Study Animal\u2013Machine Interaction during Milking but Not to Detect Mastitis. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202402.0996.v1"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satheesan, L., Kittur, P.M., Alhussien, M.N., Lal, G.S., Kamboj, A., and Dang, A.K. (2024). Reliability of Udder Infrared Thermography as a Non-Invasive Technology for Early Detection of Sub-Clinical Mastitis in Sahiwal (Bos indicus) Cows under Semi-Intensive Production System. J. Therm. Biol., 121.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2024.103838"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stelletta, C., Gianesella, M., Vencato, J., Fiore, E., and Morgante, M. (2012). Thermographic Applications in Veterinary Medicine. Infrared Thermography, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/29135"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"4244","article-title":"Short Communication: Early Detection of Mastitis Using Infrared Thermography in Dairy Cows","volume":"91","author":"Colak","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gayathri, S.L., Bhakat, M., and Mohanty, T.K. (2024). Seasonal Assessment of Mastitis in Crossbred Goats: A Thermographic Approach. J. Therm. Biol., 124.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2024.103947"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"4592","article-title":"Detection of Clinical Mastitis with the Help of a Thermal Camera","volume":"91","author":"Hovinen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2017.11.028","article-title":"Infrared Thermal Imaging of Udder Skin Surface Temperature Variations to Monitor Udder Health Status in Bos indicus (Deoni) Cows","volume":"88","author":"Sathiyabarathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machado, N.A.F., Da Costa, L.B.S., Barbosa-Filho, J.A.D., De Oliveira, K.P.L., De Sampaio, L.C., Peixoto, M.S.M., and Damasceno, F.A. (2021). Using Infrared Thermography to Detect Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows in Compost Barn Systems. J. Therm. Biol., 97.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2021.102881"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-011-9230-4","article-title":"Immunopathology of Mastitis: Insights into Disease Recognition and Resolution","volume":"16","author":"Aitken","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mammary Gland. Biol. Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7204","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23208","article-title":"Inflammatory Responses and Inflammation-Associated Diseases in Organs","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Zachary, J.F. (2021). Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, Elsevier. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"O\u2019Down, G., Bell, S., and Wright, S. (2020). Wheater\u2019s Pathology: A Text, Atlas and Review of Histopathology, Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1217","article-title":"Systematic Clinical Examinations for Identification of Latent Udder Health Types in Danish Dairy Herds","volume":"87","author":"Klaas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_522_17","article-title":"Oral Submucous Fibrosis","volume":"15","author":"Hande","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Pugh, D.G., and Baird, A.N. (2012). Diseases of the Mammary Gland. Sheep and Goat Medicine, Elsevier Saunders."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"6625","article-title":"Invited Review: Animal-Based Indicators for on-Farm Welfare Assessment for Dairy Goats","volume":"97","author":"Battini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2005.05.014","article-title":"Lymphocytes from One Side of the Bovine Mammary Gland Migrate to the Contra Lateral Gland and Lymph Node Tissue","volume":"108","author":"Kimura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.106964","article-title":"Thermographic Assessment of Mastitis Progression in Sahiwal Cattle: Insights into the Patterns in the Natural Course of Infection","volume":"196","author":"Gayathri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"511","article-title":"1908. Thermography Based Inflammation Monitoring of Udder State in Dairy Cows: Sensitivity and Diagnostic Priorities Comparing with Routine California Mastitis Test","volume":"18","author":"Pampariene","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vibroeng."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-024-10384-2","article-title":"Correlation of Udder Thermogram and Somatic Cell Counts as a Tool for Detection of Subclinical Mastitis in Buffaloes","volume":"48","author":"Kittur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"251","article-title":"Udder Thermography of Gyr Cows for Subclinical Mastitis Detection","volume":"3","author":"Porcionato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Eng. Biossistemas"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1515\/pjvs-2015-0104","article-title":"Evaluation of the Udder Health Status in Subclinical Mastitis Affected Dairy Cows through Bacteriological Culture, Somatic Cell Count and Thermographic Imaging","volume":"18","author":"Bortolami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"77","article-title":"Ultrasonography, Histopathological Udder Alterations And Bacteriological Investigations For Diagnosis Of Mastitic Goats","volume":"5","author":"Kotb","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.11.030","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus Aureus Abscesses","volume":"185","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"7025","article-title":"Bacterial Species and Their Associations with Acute and Chronic Mastitis in Suckler Ewes","volume":"98","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.01.007","article-title":"A Play in Four Acts: Staphylococcus Aureus Abscess Formation","volume":"19","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"663","article-title":"A Study of the Clinical, Ultrasonographic, and Bacteriological Characteristics of Abscesses in Farm Animals","volume":"14","author":"Abdelhakiem","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, A.G., McAdow, M., Kim, H.K., Bae, T., Missiakas, D.M., and Schneewind, O. (2010). Contribution of Coagulases towards Staphylococcus Aureus Disease and Protective Immunity. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001036"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2004.11.002","article-title":"Diagnostic Ultrasonography in Cattle with Diseases of the Mammary Gland","volume":"171","author":"Winter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitridge, R., and Thompson, M. (2011). Mechanisms of Vascular Disease, University of Adelaide Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/UPO9781922064004"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2013.03.006","article-title":"Infrared Thermography for Condition Monitoring\u2014A Review","volume":"60","author":"Bagavathiappan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2023.2212734","article-title":"Influence of Circadian Rhythm, Breed, Stage of Lactation, Milk Yield and Parity on Body and Udder Skin Surface Temperature of Lactating Cows Monitored by Infrared Thermography","volume":"51","author":"Sathiyabarathi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2023.105083","article-title":"Seasonal Assessment of Mastitis Using Thermogram Analysis in Sahiwal Cows","volume":"166","author":"Gayathri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soroko-Dubrovina, M., and Davies Morel, M.C.G. (2023). Equine Thermography in Practice, CABI. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1079\/9781800622913.0000"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.4141\/A03-012","article-title":"Daily Variation in the Udder Surface Temperature of Dairy Cows Measured by Infrared Thermography: Potential for Mastitis Detection","volume":"83","author":"Berry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"4541","article-title":"Technical Note: Automatic Evaluation of Infrared Thermal Images by Computerized Active Shape Modeling of Bovine Udders Challenged with Escherichia coli","volume":"102","author":"Watz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.10.021","article-title":"Mastitis Detection in Sheep by Infrared Thermography","volume":"94","author":"Martins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-020-02435-y","article-title":"Different Methods of Assessing Udder Temperature through Thermography and Their Relation with Rectal Temperature","volume":"53","author":"Stumpf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Daniel, B. (2022). Developments in Thermal Imaging Techniques to Assess Livestock Health. Advances in Precision Livestock Farming, Burleigh Dodds."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/5\/658\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:41:37Z","timestamp":1760028097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/5\/658"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15050658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15050658","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]}}}