{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T14:46:43Z","timestamp":1781534803240,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office of Naval Research Undersea Medicine and Marine Mammal Biology","award":["N00014-21-1-2365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-21-1-2365"]}]},{"name":"Office of Naval Research Undersea Medicine and Marine Mammal Biology","award":["NA21NMF4390398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA21NMF4390398"]}]},{"name":"Office of Naval Research Undersea Medicine and Marine Mammal Biology","award":["NA22NMF4390241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA22NMF4390241"]}]},{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Prescott Stranding Grants","award":["N00014-21-1-2365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-21-1-2365"]}]},{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Prescott Stranding Grants","award":["NA21NMF4390398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA21NMF4390398"]}]},{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Prescott Stranding Grants","award":["NA22NMF4390241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA22NMF4390241"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The glymphatic system, an analog of the peripheral lymphatic system in the brain, and the meningeal lymphatic system are critical to central nervous system health. The glymphatic system functions to distribute cerebrospinal fluid and important compounds throughout the brain and to remove metabolic waste. The flow of cerebrospinal fluid through this system is affected by changes in cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, and vascular tone. Cetaceans experience profound cardiorespiratory alterations while diving that can directly affect cerebrospinal fluid and blood flow and, thus, glymphatic function. Our goal was to investigate glymphatic and lymphatic system structures, including perivascular spaces, aquaporin-4 water channels, meningeal lymphatic, and dural venous sinus vessels in the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), using immunofluorescent labeling, histochemical staining, and postmortem computed tomography (CT) angiography. We highlight perivascular spaces and aquaporin-4 water channels surrounding blood vessels in the parenchyma and demonstrate evidence of meningeal lymphatic vessels and associated dural venous sinuses. These results demonstrate that common dolphins possess the key anatomical structures required for functional glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic systems. Future studies can build upon these anatomical discoveries to study the function and role of these systems in brain health in this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15050729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T04:58:17Z","timestamp":1741064297000},"page":"729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Meningeal Lymphatic and Glymphatic Structures in a Pelagic Delphinid (Delphinus delphis)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Olivia N.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Marine Biology, College of Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany F.","family":"Keenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Marine Biology, College of Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan P.","family":"Nelson-Maney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sentiel A.","family":"Rommel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Marine Biology, College of Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"McLellan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Marine Biology, College of Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Ann","family":"Pabst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Marine Biology, College of Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Costidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Marine Biology, College of Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA"},{"name":"Marine Mammal Solutions LLC, Norfolk, VA 23502, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7033-9232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Caron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2058-8730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawn N.","family":"Kernagis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEEP, Bristol BS11 8AR, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7438-2281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S.","family":"Rotstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Pathology Services, Olney, MD 28032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria G.","family":"Thayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Marine Science and Technologies, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA"},{"name":"North Carolina Marine Fisheries, Department of Environmental Quality, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1262-9274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig A.","family":"Harms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Marine Science and Technologies, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7931-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina A.","family":"Piscitelli-Doshkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina Aquariums Jennette\u2019s Pier, Nags Head, NC 27959, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Doshkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cape Hatteras National Seashore, Manteo, NC 27954, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorian E.","family":"Schweikert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Marine Biology, College of Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7870-9066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara E.","family":"Yopak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Marine Biology, College of Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Tift","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Marine Biology, College of Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2020","article-title":"Fluid transport in the brain","volume":"102","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. 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