{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:33:04Z","timestamp":1787027584677,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Research Program (Natural Science) Youth Guidance Project of Guizhou Province","award":["Qiankehe Foundation [2024] Youth 106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qiankehe Foundation [2024] Youth 106"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Program (Natural Science) Youth Guidance Project of Guizhou Province","award":["Qianjiaoji [2024] 33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qianjiaoji [2024] 33"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Program (Natural Science) Youth Guidance Project of Guizhou Province","award":["2023-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-16"]}]},{"name":"Youth Science and Technology Talent Development Project of Guizhou Province","award":["Qiankehe Foundation [2024] Youth 106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qiankehe Foundation [2024] Youth 106"]}]},{"name":"Youth Science and Technology Talent Development Project of Guizhou Province","award":["Qianjiaoji [2024] 33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qianjiaoji [2024] 33"]}]},{"name":"Youth Science and Technology Talent Development Project of Guizhou Province","award":["2023-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-16"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Project of Guizhou University","award":["Qiankehe Foundation [2024] Youth 106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qiankehe Foundation [2024] Youth 106"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Project of Guizhou University","award":["Qianjiaoji [2024] 33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qianjiaoji [2024] 33"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Project of Guizhou University","award":["2023-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main objective of this research was to observe the effects of feed restriction on caecum microbiota and metabolites in rabbits. Forty-eight male 8-week-old rabbits with similar body weights (1872.11 \u00b1 180.85 g) were randomly assigned to two treatments according to completely randomized design: (1) the control group received ad libitum access to feed (AL), and (2) the treatment received 80% of the feed consumed by the control (FR). The results showed that FR did not differ (p &gt; 0.05) for average daily weight gain or feed conversion ratio between the two groups. FR treatment led to a significant increase (p &lt; 0.05) in acid detergent fibre apparent faecal digestibility, nitrogen digestibility and retention, and gross energy digestibility and retention. The FR treatment showed significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower blood triglycerides, creatinine, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, malondialdehyde, and hydroxyl free radicals but significantly (p &lt; 0.05) greater total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase. The FR group presented greater (p &lt; 0.05) Firmicutes and Ruminococcus abundances but a lower (p &lt; 0.05) Akkermansiaceae abundance in the caecal content. Moreover, 222 differentiated metabolites were identified, and beta-alanine metabolism was the top enriched pathway. Collectively, FR can improve nutrient utilisation, lipid metabolism, antioxidant activity, caecum microbiota, and metabolites in rabbits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15060842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T11:04:22Z","timestamp":1742209462000},"page":"842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Feed Restriction on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilisation, Biochemical Parameters, and the Caecum Microbiota and Metabolites in Rabbits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jixiao","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuanglong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Ban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengcheng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiyao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Testing Centre for Livestock and Poultry Germplasm, Guiyang 550018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingzhou","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731110001047","article-title":"Feed restriction and genetic selection on the expression and activity of metabolism regulatory enzymes in rabbits","volume":"4","author":"Cardoso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.197871","article-title":"Quantitative feed restriction rather than caloric restriction modulates the immune response of growing rabbits","volume":"145","author":"Knudsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Halai, S.F. (1972). The Effects of Dietary Free Radical Inhibitors and Feed Restriction on Age Associated Biochemical Parameter and Lifespan of AKR Male Mice. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tennessee]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-022-01914-3","article-title":"Calorie restriction ameliorates hyperglycemia, modulates the disordered gut microbiota, and mitigates metabolic endotoxemia and inflammation in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731108003790","article-title":"Feed restriction strategy in the growing rabbit. 2. Impact on digestive health, growth and carcass characteristics","volume":"3","author":"Gidenne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2021.100270","article-title":"Impact of feed restriction and fragmented feed distribution on performance, intake behaviour and digestion of the growing rabbit","volume":"15","author":"Martignon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2022.2097149","article-title":"Recent advances in the role of feed restriction in poultry productivity: Part I\u2014performance, gut development, microbiota and immune response","volume":"78","author":"Ebeid","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Poultry Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.06.057","article-title":"Feeding restriction alleviates high carbohydrate diet-induced oxidative stress and inflammation of Megalobrama amblycephala by activating the AMPK-SIRT1 pathway","volume":"92","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2021.115077","article-title":"Effect of quantitative feed restriction on the performance, organ development and cecal activity of growing nutrias (Myocastor coypus)","volume":"280","author":"Volek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, L., Wang, L., Qiu, Y., Xiong, Y., Xiao, H., Yi, H., Wen, X., Lin, Z., Wang, Z., and Yang, X. (2021). Effects of protein restriction and subsequent realimentation on body composition, gut microbiota and metabolite profiles in weaned piglets. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030686"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2019.10.011","article-title":"The length of the feed restriction period affects eating behavior, growth performance, and the development of the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract of young broilers","volume":"99","author":"Fondevila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artdita, C.A., Zhuang, Y.R., Liu, T.Y., Cheng, C.Y., Hsiao, F.S., and Lin, Y.Y. (2021). The effect of feeding restriction on the microbiota and metabolome response in late-phase laying hens. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113043"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2014.1924","article-title":"Histological aspects of the small intestine under variable feed restriction: The effects of short and intense restriction on a growing rabbit model","volume":"8","author":"Makovicky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of 1-week feed restriction on performance, digestibility of nutrients and digestive system development in the growing rabbit","volume":"10","author":"Volek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, Y., Xu, H., Xie, Z., Wang, L., Sun, Y., Yang, H., Hu, D., and Mao, Y. (2020). Time-restricted feeding reduces the detrimental effects of a high-fat diet, possibly by modulating the circadian rhythm of hepatic lipid metabolism and gut microbiota. Front. Nutr., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.596285"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2021.03.001","article-title":"Dietary restrictions modulate the gut microbiota: Implications for health and disease","volume":"89","author":"Schmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00315731","article-title":"Anatomy of the rabbit cecum","volume":"155","author":"Snipes","year":"1978","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039X.2014.1002672","article-title":"Effects of temporary intensive feed restriction on performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass criteria of growing male Californian rabbits","volume":"69","author":"Kehraus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731112000389","article-title":"Feed intake limitation strategies for the growing rabbit: Effect on feeding behaviour, welfare, performance, digestive physiology and health: A review","volume":"6","author":"Gidenne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731115000270","article-title":"Comparison of behaviour, performance and mortality in restricted and ad libitum-fed growing rabbits","volume":"9","author":"Dalmau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731108003789","article-title":"Feed restriction strategy in the growing rabbit. 1. Impact on digestion, rate of passage and microbial activity","volume":"3","author":"Gidenne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2020.104278","article-title":"Effect of feed restriction on performance, carcass yield and nitrogen and energy balance in growing rabbits","volume":"241","author":"Crespo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9240080","DOI":"10.26599\/FSAP.2024.9240080","article-title":"Effects of feed restriction on the slaughter performance, antioxidant activity, and meat quality of rabbits","volume":"2","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Anim. Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2021). Nutrient Requirement of Meat Rabbit (Standard No. Chinese Standard NY\/T 4049-2021). (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"AOAC (2005). Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analtical Chemists. [18th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2","article-title":"Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition","volume":"74","author":"Robertson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-023-03881-0","article-title":"Physiological and immunological aspects of feed restriction and its beneficial impacts in fattening rabbits\u2019 productivity-an updated review","volume":"6","author":"Ebeid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4995\/wrs.2017.6748","article-title":"Effect of feed restriction and feeding plans on performance, slaughter traits and body composition of growing rabbits","volume":"25","author":"Birolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Rabbit Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114001608","article-title":"Impact of feed restriction on health, digestion and faecal microbiota of growing pigs housed in good or poor hygiene conditions","volume":"8","author":"Knudsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, J., Zhou, T., Bai, S., Zhao, B., Wu, X., and Chen, Y. (2022). Effects of restricted feeding on growth performance, intestinal immunity, and skeletal muscle development in New Zealand rabbits. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12020160"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116002007","article-title":"Impact of feed restriction and housing hygiene conditions on specific and inflammatory immune response, the cecal bacterial community and the survival of young rabbits","volume":"11","author":"Combes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9402","article-title":"Direct and correlated responses to selection in two lines of rabbits selected for feed efficiency under ad libitum and restricted feeding: I. Production traits and gut microbiota characteristics","volume":"94","author":"Drouilhet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.4995\/wrs.2010.778","article-title":"Effect of early feed restriction on performance and health status in growing rabbits slaughtered at 2 kg live-weight","volume":"18","author":"Romero","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Rabbit Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, L., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Ren, J., Zheng, J., Diao, J., Ni, H., Yin, Y., and Sun, R. (2023). Effects of organic zinc on production performance, meat quality, apparent nutrient digestibility and gut microbiota of broilers fed low-protein diets. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37867-7"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1301","article-title":"Direct and correlated responses to selection in two lines of rabbits selected for feed efficiency under ad libitum and restricted feeding: III. digestion and excretion of nitrogen and minerals","volume":"95","author":"Gidenne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2010.10.005","article-title":"Effect of feed restriction or feeding high-fibre diet during the rearing period on body composition, serum parameters and productive performance of rabbit does","volume":"163","author":"Rebollar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.3.707","article-title":"Feed restriction significantly alters lipogenic gene expression in broiler breeder chickens","volume":"133","author":"Richards","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aouichat, S., Chayah, M., Bouguerra-Aouichat, S., and Agil, A. (2020). Time-restricted feeding improves body weight gain, lipid profiles, and atherogenic indices in cafeteria-diet-fed rats: Role of browning of inguinal white adipose tissue. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202006.0134.v1"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1017\/anr.2024.16","article-title":"Calorie restriction improves serum lipid metabolism, colon metabolites and microbiota in pigs","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.12.004","article-title":"Restricted feeding for 9 h in the active period partially abrogates the detrimental metabolic effects of a Western diet with liquid sugar consumption in mice","volume":"82","author":"Woodie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.011001","article-title":"Effect of energy restriction on growth, slaughter performance, serum biochemical parameters and Lpin2\/WDTC1\/mRNA expression of broilers in the later phase","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(95)91457-3","article-title":"The definition and measurement of antioxidants in biological systems","volume":"18","author":"Halliwell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02689-3","article-title":"Antioxidants and antioxidant methods: An updated overview","volume":"94","author":"Gulcin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2016.10.021","article-title":"Assessment of lipid peroxidation by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and relatives in biological samples: Analytical and biological challenges","volume":"524","author":"Tsikas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/84.10.1520","article-title":"Severe feed restriction enhances innate immunity but suppresses cellular immunity in chicken lines divergently selected for antibody responses","volume":"84","author":"Hangalapura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R20","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00522.2003","article-title":"Linkage between insulin and the free radical theory of aging","volume":"286","author":"Julian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotozzolo, E., Cremonesi, P., Curone, G., Menchetti, L., Riva, F., Biscarini, F., Marongiu, M.L., Castrica, M., Castiglioni, B., and Miraglia, D. (2020). Characterization of bacterial microbiota composition along the gastrointestinal tract in rabbits. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010031"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, J., Jiang, S., Cheng, Z., Ding, F., Fan, Q., Lin, X., Wang, Y., and Gou, Z. (2022). Feed restriction improves lipid metabolism by changing the structure of the cecal microbial community and enhances the meat quality and flavor of bearded chickens. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12080970"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Cui, Y., Ali, Q., Zhu, X., Li, D., Ma, S., Wang, Z., Wang, C., and Shi, Y. (2022). Gut microbiota modulate rabbit meat quality in response to dietary fiber. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.849429"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19897","article-title":"Microbial degradation of complex carbohydrates in the gut","volume":"3","author":"Flint","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, P., Liu, P., Song, P., Chen, X., and Ma, X. (2017). Moderate dietary protein restriction alters the composition of gut microbiota and improves ileal barrier function in adult pig model. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43412"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujiki, Y., Tanaka, T., Yakabe, K., Seki, N., Akiyama, M., Uchida, K., and Kim, Y.G. (2023). Hydrogen gas and the gut microbiota are potential biomarkers for the development of experimental colitis in mice. Gut Microbiome, 5.","DOI":"10.1017\/gmb.2023.17"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14853","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c03923","article-title":"Dietary fiber and its potential role in obesity: A focus on modulating the gut microbiota","volume":"71","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, S., and Jha, R. (2019). Strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, and health of poultry. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-018-0310-9"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markowiak-Kope\u0107, P., and \u015ali\u017cewska, K. (2020). The effect of probiotics on the production of short-chain fatty acids by human intestinal microbiome. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041107"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-009-0443-4","article-title":"Effect of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle carnosine concentrations and exercise performance","volume":"39","author":"Sale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4070585","article-title":"Ergogenic effects of \u03b2-alanine and carnosine: Proposed future research to quantify their efficacy","volume":"4","author":"Caruso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2013-0229","article-title":"The influence of \u03b2-alanine supplementation on markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress","volume":"39","author":"Fukuda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2165\/11530310-000000000-00000","article-title":"Muscle carnosine metabolism and beta-alanine supplementation in relation to exercise and training","volume":"40","author":"Derave","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-1158-x","article-title":"Exercise-induced oxidative stress: The effects of \u03b2-alanine supplementation in women","volume":"43","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"148","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of carnosine, anserine, some free amino acids and their combination","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00376439","article-title":"Carnosine and anserine concentrations in the quadriceps femoris muscle of healthy humans","volume":"64","author":"Mannion","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2005.05.011","article-title":"Genotype and gender differences in carnosine extracts and antioxidant activities of chicken breast and thigh meats","volume":"71","author":"Intarapichet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Meat Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/6\/842\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:54:06Z","timestamp":1760028846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/6\/842"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15060842"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15060842","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]}}}