{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:48:34Z","timestamp":1790210914636,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Animal Management"},{"name":"Australian Pet Welfare Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional methods for managing free-roaming cats in Australia primarily depend on legislation and enforcement to achieve compliance. State laws and local regulations mandate confinement, sterilization, registration, and identification and limit the number of cats kept, with penalties for breaches. However, these strategies fail to address underlying issues like financial constraints in low-income areas and the prevalence of semi-owned cats. Containment mandates often result in increased complaints, shelter intake, and euthanasia, without effectively reducing cat-related problems. Research shows that these approaches are expensive, difficult to enforce, and place a disproportionate burden on disadvantaged communities. Moreover, they negatively affect the mental health of shelter staff and animal management officers, who are frequently exposed to euthanasia and ongoing challenges. An alternative \u201cOne Welfare\u201d framework, which recognizes the interconnectedness of animal, human, and environmental welfare, has proven more effective. Programs that provide support and resources, particularly for cat sterilization and microchipping, while fostering the human\u2013animal bond improve outcomes for both cats and caregivers. Shifting from punitive measures to collaborative, community-driven strategies is crucial for managing free-roaming cats in a way that benefits animals, people, and the broader community, while protecting wildlife.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15071005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T05:10:07Z","timestamp":1743397807000},"page":"1005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Rethinking Urban Cat Management\u2014Limitations and Unintended Consequences of Traditional Cat Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Cotterell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Pet Welfare Foundation, Kenmore, QLD 4064, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacquie","family":"Rand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Pet Welfare Foundation, Kenmore, QLD 4064, Australia"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebekah","family":"Scotney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.02.012","article-title":"Nuisances and welfare of free-roaming cats in urban settings and their association with cat reproduction","volume":"119","author":"Gunther","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/pan3.10269","article-title":"Popular press portrayal of issues surrounding free-roaming domestic cats Felis catus","volume":"4","author":"Gow","year":"2022","journal-title":"People Nat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3693","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-022-02888-2","article-title":"A science-based policy for managing free-roaming cats","volume":"24","author":"Lepczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chua, D., Rand, J., and Morton, J. (2023). Stray and Owner-Relinquished Cats in Australia\u2014Estimation of Numbers Entering Municipal Pounds, Shelters and Rescue Groups and Their Outcomes. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13111771"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zito, S., Vankan, D., Bennett, P., Paterson, M., and Phillips, C.J. (2015). Cat Ownership Perception and Caretaking Explored in an Internet Survey of People Associated with Cats. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133293"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rand, J., Fisher, G., Lamb, K., and Hayward, A. (2019). Public opinions on strategies for managing stray cats and predictors of opposition to trap-neuter and return in Brisbane, Australia. Front. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00290"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/10888705.2016.1141682","article-title":"Reasons People Surrender Unowned and Owned Cats to Australian Animal Shelters and Barriers to Assuming Ownership of Unowned Cats","volume":"19","author":"Zito","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerr, C.A., Rand, J., Morton, J.M., Reid, R., and Paterson, M. (2018). Changes associated with improved outcomes for cats entering RSPCA Queensland shelters from 2011 to 2016. Animals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8060095"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2024, August 13). Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), Australia Methodology, Available online: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/methodologies\/socio-economic-indexes-areas-seifa-australia-methodology\/2021#cite-window1."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDowall, S., Hazel, S.J., Chittleborough, C., Hamilton-Bruce, A., Stuckey, R., and Howell, T.J. (2023). The Impact of the Social Determinants of Human Health on Companion Animal Welfare. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13061113"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rand, J., Scotney, R., Enright, A., Hayward, A., Bennett, P., and Morton, J. (2024). Situational Analysis of Cat Ownership and Cat Caring Behaviors in a Community with High Shelter Admissions of Cats. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14192849"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawford, C., Rand, J., Rohlf, V., Scotney, R., and Bennett, P. (2023). Solutions-Based Approach to Urban Cat Management\u2014Case Studies of a One Welfare Approach to Urban Cat Management. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13213423"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotterell, J.L., Rand, J., Barnes, T.S., and Scotney, R. (2024). Impact of a Local Government Funded Free Cat Sterilization Program for Owned and Semi-Owned Cats. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202403.0588.v1"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rand, J., Saraswathy, A.M., Verrinder, J., and Paterson, M.B.A. (2024). Outcomes of a Community Cat Program Based on Sterilization of Owned, Semi-Owned and Unowned Cats in a Small Rural Town. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14213058"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutton-Regester, K., and Rand, J. (2024). Cat Caring Behaviors and Ownership Status of Residents Enrolling a Cat in a Free Sterilization Program. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14203022"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Victorian State Government (2024, July 20). Domestic Animal Act 1994, Available online: https:\/\/content.legislation.vic.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-05\/94-81aa086-authorised.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Animal Welfare Victoria (2024, July 30). Keeping Your Cat Safe, Available online: https:\/\/agriculture.vic.gov.au\/livestock-and-animals\/animal-welfare-victoria\/cats\/enclosures-and-fencing\/cat-confinement-enclosures-and-fencing."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Animal Welfare Victoria (2025, March 14). Code of Practice for the Management of Dogs and Cats in Shelters and Pounds, Available online: https:\/\/agriculture.vic.gov.au\/livestock-and-animals\/animal-welfare-victoria\/domestic-animals-act\/codes-of-practice\/code-of-practice-for-the-management-of-dogs-and-cats-in-shelters-and-pounds."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Hornsby Shire Council (2024, December 01). What Do I Do If I Find a \u2018Stray\u2019 Cat?, Available online: https:\/\/www.hornsby.nsw.gov.au\/property\/myproperty\/pets\/companion-animals\/what-do-i-do-if-i-find-a-stray-cat."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"New South Wales Office of Local Government (2024, December 01). 21-05 Cat Management Requirements for Councils, Available online: https:\/\/www.olg.nsw.gov.au\/https-www-olg-nsw-gov-au-category-https-www-olg-nsw-gov-au-category-council-circulars\/21-05-cat-management-requirements-for-councils\/."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Read, J.L., Dickman, C.R., Boardman, W.S.J., and Lepczyk, C.A. (2020). Reply to Wolf et al.: Why Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) Is Not an Ethical Solution for Stray Cat Management. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091525"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"RSPCA Australia (2025, March 14). Summary of Findings and Recommendations: Identifying Best Practice Domestic Cat Management in Australia. Available online: https:\/\/kb.rspca.org.au\/bfd_download\/identifying-best-practice-domestic-cat-management-in-australia-findings-and-recommendations-may-2018\/."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Australian Government (2025, March 10). Threat Abatement Plan for Predation by Feral Cats 2024, Available online: https:\/\/www.dcceew.gov.au\/environment\/biodiversity\/threatened\/publications\/tap\/threat-abatement-plan-feral-cats."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"281","article-title":"Welfare aspects of vertebrate pest control and culling: Ranking control techniques for humaneness","volume":"33","author":"Littin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Off. Epizoot."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"National Animal Care and Control Association (2024, July 05). Animal Care & Control Proffesional Development. Available online: https:\/\/nacatraining.org\/."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Booroondara City Council (2024, December 01). PD-Animal-Management-Officer_24.11.24-Updated-PD-Template.pdf, Available online: https:\/\/www.seek.com.au\/animal-management-officer-jobs?jobId=80388657&type=standout."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moss, L.R., Hawes, S.M., Connolly, K., Bergstrom, M., O\u2019Reilly, K., and Morris, K.N. (2022). Animal Control and Field Services Officers\u2019 Perspectives on Community Engagement: A Qualitative Phenomenology Study. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13010068"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawes, S.M., Hupe, T., and Morris, K.N. (2020). Punishment to Support: The Need to Align Animal Control Enforcement with the Human Social Justice Movement. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101902"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.5.713","article-title":"Impact of euthanasia rates, euthanasia practices, and human resource practices on employee turnover in animal shelters","volume":"230","author":"Rogelberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/08927936.2023.2166712","article-title":"\u201cA Love-Hate Relationship with What I Do\u201d: Protecting the Mental Health of Animal Care Workers","volume":"36","author":"Paul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1080\/08927936.2021.1926719","article-title":"Compassion Fatigue Among Animal Shelter Volunteers: Examining Personal and Organizational Risk Factors","volume":"34","author":"Jacobs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Australian Veterinary Association (2024, February 21). Animal Welfare and Human Wellbeing-Vulnerability of Clients and Veterinary Staff. Available online: https:\/\/www.ava.com.au\/policy-advocacy\/policies\/professional-practices-for-veterinarians\/animal-welfare-and-human-wellbeing--vulnerability-of-clients-and-veterinary-staff\/."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Scotney, R. (2017). Occupational Stress & Compassion Fatigue: The Effects on Workers in Animal-Related Occupations. [Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Queensland]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lezon, R., Rohlf, V., Rayment, D., and Howell, T.J. (2025). The Impact of Job Demands, Job Resources, and Organisational Justice on Global Health and Turnover Intentions in Animal Care Workers. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15030420"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Alley Cats Allies (2023, August 31). Cats and the Law\u2014Local Laws and Ordinances. Available online: https:\/\/www.alleycat.org\/our-work\/cats-and-the-law\/local-laws\/."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Knox City Council (2024, October 14). Keeping a Cat in Knox, Available online: https:\/\/www.knox.vic.gov.au\/our-services\/animals-and-pets\/looking-after-your-pet\/keeping-a-cat."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"City of Whittlesea (2024, October 14). Cat Confinement Laws, Available online: https:\/\/www.whittlesea.vic.gov.au\/Services\/Pets-and-animals\/Owning-a-pet\/Confine-your-pet#section-3."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Australian Capital Territory Government (2024, October 20). Cat Containment, Available online: https:\/\/www.cityservices.act.gov.au\/pets-and-wildlife\/cats#Containment."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00305603","article-title":"Public opinion surveys as guides to public policy and spending","volume":"7","author":"Birch","year":"1980","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Banyule City Council (2024, October 20). Public Order Review\u2014Cats in Public Places-Survey Findings Report. Available online: https:\/\/hdp-au-prod-app-ban-shapingbanyule-files.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/7117\/1832\/9715\/Banyule_Public_Order_Review_-_Cat_Survey_Findings_Report_31_May_24.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Australian Pet Welfare Foundation (2024, July 23). Key Issues to Consider Related to Mandated 24\/7 Cat Containment. Available online: https:\/\/petwelfare.org.au\/2022\/09\/02\/key-issues-to-consider-related-to-mandated-24-7-cat-containment\/."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Hobsons Bay Council (2024, October 08). Ordinary Council Meeting 16 December 2014\u2014Appendix 1-Cat Curfew Discussion Paper A2036668, Available online: https:\/\/www.hobsonsbay.vic.gov.au\/Council\/Council-Meetings\/Minutes-and-Agendas\/Ordinary-Council-Meeting-16-December-2014."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Hume City Council (2024, July 20). Ordinary Meeting 16 April 2018\u2014Investigation into the Viability of Implementing a Cat Curfew, Available online: https:\/\/www.hume.vic.gov.au\/Your-Council\/Governance\/Previous-Council-Term-%E2%80%93-Agenda-and-Minutes\/2018-Council-Agenda-and-Minutes\/16-April-2018."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Farnworth, M. (2024, July 20). What\u2019s Up with That? Laws Regarding Cats Less Strict than Dog Regulations in Smithfield Virginia. Available online: https:\/\/www.hjnews.com\/allaccess\/whats-up-with-that-laws-regardingcats-less-strict-that-dog-regulations\/article_083cab81-a63a-592f-a6c6-36bb8148bb9a.html."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"My Edmond News (2024, July 20). Cats Stay Unleashed in Edmonds as City Council Agrees to Retain Change Made Two Weeks Ago. Available online: https:\/\/myedmondsnews.com\/2012\/06\/kristiana-johnson-appointed-newest-member-of-edmonds-city-council-cat-leash-law-repealed\/."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Best Friends Animal Society (2024, August 19). Community Cats: Public Policy and Legal Issues. Available online: https:\/\/bestfriends.org\/pet-care-resources\/community-cats-public-policy-and-legal-issues."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Brunswick Voice (2024, December 28). New Cat Policy to Target Strays, Not Pets. Available online: https:\/\/brunswickvoice.com.au\/new-cat-policy-to-target-strays-not-pets\/."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Van Oorschot, V. (2024, July 05). Council Rescinds 24-Hour Cat Curfew Motion. Available online: https:\/\/timesnewsgroup.com.au\/geelongtimes\/news\/council-rescinds-24-hour-cat-curfew-motion\/."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Bayside Council (2024, December 28). 17 December 2024 Council Meeting Minutes, Available online: https:\/\/www.bayside.vic.gov.au\/council\/council-meetings-agendas-and-minutes."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"City of Melbourne (2024, August 26). Cat Management, Available online: https:\/\/participate.melbourne.vic.gov.au\/cat-management\/more-information."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.2.217","article-title":"Search and identification methods that owners use to find a lost cat","volume":"230","author":"Lord","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., Coradini, M., Rand, J., Morton, J., Albrecht, K., Wasson, B., and Robertson, D. (2018). Search methods used to locate missing cats and locations where missing cats are found. Animals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8010005"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.8.1023","article-title":"Population characteristics and neuter status of cats living in households in the United States","volume":"234","author":"Chu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.249.5.490","article-title":"Characteristics of cats sterilized through a subsidized, reduced-cost spay-neuter program in massachusetts and of owners who had cats sterilized through this program","volume":"249","author":"Benka","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Animal Medicines Australia (2024, December 28). Pets in Australia: A National Survey of Pets and People. Available online: https:\/\/animalmedicinesaustralia.org.au\/report\/pets-in-australia-a-national-survey-of-pets-and-people-2\/."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alberthsen, C., Rand, J., Morton, J., Bennett, P., Paterson, M., and Vankan, D. (2016). Numbers and characteristics of cats admitted to royal society for the prevention of cruelty to animals (RSPCA) shelters in australia and reasons for surrender. Animals, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani6030023"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Hayward, M. (2017, January 4\u20139). Mandatory Desexing in the ACT: Has it worked?. Proceedings of the AIAM Annual Conference on Urban animal management 2007, Long Beach, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Sentencing Advisory Council (2024, September 05). Fail to Apply to Register a Dog or Cat, Available online: https:\/\/www.sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au\/sacstat\/magistrates-court\/94-81-10-1-fail-to-apply-to-register-a-dog-or-cat-mc.html."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub (2024, December 28). The Management of Cats by Local Governments in Australia: Summary of National Survey Results. Project 7.4 Research Findings Factsheet, Brisbane. Available online: https:\/\/www.nespthreatenedspecies.edu.au\/media\/uaoncte3\/tsr-hub-project-7-4-report-the-management-of-cats-by-local-governments-of-australia_final.pdf."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Atfield, C. (2024, October 28). Brisbane Scratches Cat Registration. Available online: https:\/\/www.brisbanetimes.com.au\/national\/queensland\/brisbane-scratches-cat-registration-20131005-2v0zm.html."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"New South Wales Office of Local Government (2024, December 22). Annual Pet Control Permit Fees, Available online: https:\/\/www.petregistry.olg.nsw.gov.au\/registration-and-permit-fees\/annual-pet-permit-fees."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"New South Wales Office of Local Government (2024, December 22). Pet Registration Fees, Available online: https:\/\/www.petregistry.olg.nsw.gov.au\/registration-and-permit-fees\/pet-registration-fees."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"The Centre for International Economics (2024, October 08). Rehoming of Companion Animals in NSW, Available online: https:\/\/www.olg.nsw.gov.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/CIE-Draft-Report_NSW-OLG_Rehoming-of-Companion-Animals-in-NSW-FINAL-21.09.22.pdf."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodwin, K., Rand, J., Morton, J., Uthappa, V., and Walduck, R. (2018). Email reminders increase the frequency that pet owners update their microchip information. Animals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8020020"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Animal Welfare Victoria (2024, December 22). Pet Exchange Register, Available online: https:\/\/agriculture.vic.gov.au\/livestock-and-animals\/animal-welfare-victoria\/domestic-animals-act\/pet-exchange-register."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Banyule City Council (2025, March 14). General Local Law No.1 (2015) Number of Animals You Can Keep, Available online: https:\/\/www.banyule.vic.gov.au\/Community-services\/Pets-and-animals\/Types-and-numbers."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Queensland Government (2024, October 14). Biosecurity Act 2014, Available online: https:\/\/www.legislation.qld.gov.au\/view\/whole\/html\/inforce\/current\/act-2014-007."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Wyndham City Council (2024, October 10). The Community Amenity Local Law 2023, Available online: https:\/\/www.wyndham.vic.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-08\/Community%20Amenity%20Local%20Law%202023%20-%20FINAL%20-%20August%202023.pdf."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"City of Monash (2024, October 10). Community Amenity and Safety Local Law 2024. Available online: https:\/\/hdp-au-prod-app-mon-shape-files.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/1217\/2301\/1534\/Adopted_Community_Amenity_and_Safety_Local_Law_2024.pdf."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scotney, R., Rand, J., Rohlf, V., Hayward, A., and Bennett, P. (2023). The Impact of Lethal, Enforcement-Centred Cat Management on Human Wellbeing: Exploring Lived Experiences of Cat Carers Affected by Cat Culling at the Port of Newcastle. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13020271"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10823-008-9081-7","article-title":"Living Alone: Elderly Chinese Singaporeans","volume":"24","author":"Wong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cross-Cult. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Humphrey, L.S. (2010). Feral Cats and the People Who Care for Them. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of South Florida]."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.i5470","article-title":"One Welfare\u2014A platform for improving human and animal welfare","volume":"179","author":"Pinillos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, K., Rand, J., and Morton, J. (2017). Trap-neuter-return activities in urban stray cat colonies in Australia. Animals, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani7060046"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swarbrick, H., and Rand, J. (2018). Application of a protocol based on trap-neuter-return (TNR) to manage unowned urban cats on an Australian university campus. Animals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8050077"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rand, J., Hayward, A., and Tan, K. (2019). Cat Colony Caretakers\u2019 Perceptions of Support and Opposition to TNR. Front. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00057"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Nguyen-Finn, K.L. (2018). Cost of Caring: The Effects of Euthanasia on Animal Shelter Workers, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000144","article-title":"Interventions for Occupational Stress and Compassion Fatigue in Animal Care Professionals-A Systematic Review","volume":"24","author":"Rohlf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Traumatology"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (2024, October 20). Restricted Matter, Available online: https:\/\/www.daf.qld.gov.au\/business-priorities\/biosecurity\/policy-legislation-regulation\/biosecurity-act-2014\/biosecurity-matter-report\/restricted-matter."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.05.001","article-title":"Effect of high-impact targeted trap-neuter-return and adoption of community cats on cat intake to a shelter","volume":"201","author":"Levy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zito, S., Aguilar, G., Vigeant, S., and Dale, A. (2018). Assessment of a targeted trap-neuter-return pilot study in Auckland, New Zealand. Animals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8050073"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spehar, D.D., and Wolf, P.J. (2019). Back to school: An updated evaluation of the effectiveness of a long-term trap-neuter-return program on a university\u2019s free-roaming cat population. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9100768"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spehar, D.D., and Wolf, P.J. (2018). The impact of an integrated program of return-to-field and targeted trap-neuter-return on feline intake and euthanasia at a municipal animal shelter. Animals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8040055"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spehar, D.D., and Wolf, P.J. (2019). Integrated return-to-field and targeted trap-neuter-vaccinate-return programs result in reductions of feline intake and euthanasia at six municipal animal shelters. Front. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00077"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"RSPCA NSW (2024, December 23). Keeping Cats Safe at Home\u2014Impact Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.rspcansw.org.au\/blog\/animal-care-information\/impact-report-2\/."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e646","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.646","article-title":"Study of the effect on shelter cat intakes and euthanasia from a shelter neuter return project of 10,080 cats from March 2010 to June 2014","volume":"2","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grayson, J., Calver, M., and Lymbery, A. (2007). Species Richness and Community Composition of Passerine Birds in Suburban Perth: Is Predation by Pet Cats the Most Important Factor?. Pest or Guest: The Zoology of Overabundance, Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales.","DOI":"10.7882\/FS.2007.024"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1071\/WR96020","article-title":"Predation by House Cats, Felis catus (L.), in Canberra, Australia. I. Prey Composition and Preference","volume":"24","author":"Barratt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1071\/PC100162","article-title":"Do cat restrictions lead to increased species diversity or abundance of small and medium-sized mammals in remnant urban bushland?","volume":"16","author":"Lilith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pac. Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neal, S.M., and Wolf, P.J. (2023). A Cat is a Cat: Attachment to Community Cats Transcends Ownership Status. J. Shelter. Med. Community Anim. Health, 2.","DOI":"10.56771\/jsmcah.v2.62"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpnec.2021.100071","article-title":"Love, fear, and the human-animal bond: On adversity and multispecies relationships","volume":"7","author":"Applebaum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr. Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.10.1121","article-title":"A systematic review of the effects of euthanasia and occupational stress in personnel working with animals in animal shelters, veterinary clinics, and biomedical research facilities","volume":"247","author":"Scotney","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"405","article-title":"Occupational stressors and desired changes for wellness amongst employees at a Canadian animal welfare organization","volume":"60","author":"Dunn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Safe Work Australia (2024, December 22). Model Code of Practice: Managing Psychosocial Hazards at Work, Available online: https:\/\/www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au\/doc\/model-code-practice-managing-psychosocial-hazards-work."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Australian Public Service Commission (2024, December 22). Psychosocial Safety, Available online: https:\/\/www.apsc.gov.au\/initiatives-and-programs\/aps-professional-streams\/aps-human-resources-hr-profession\/aps-hr-professional-news\/psychosocial-safety."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/7\/1005\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:06:24Z","timestamp":1760029584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/7\/1005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15071005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15071005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]}}}