{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:22Z","timestamp":1787027482484,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States DoD DTRA Cooperative Threat Reduction Program","award":["HDTRA1-19-1-0037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA1-19-1-0037"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) genotype II dominates outbreaks in Tanzania\u2019s Southern Highlands, continuing to persist as the dominant strain over a decade after its first incursion in 2010. A total of 205 samples from 120 holdings were collected, with 21 confirmed ASFV-positive animals from 14 holdings. Molecular analysis revealed genetic uniformity among isolates, all clustering within ASFV genotype II. Poor biosecurity measures, such as feeding of untreated swill (80% of holdings) and lack of restrictions on visitors (90% of holdings), were identified as risk factors. Additionally, co-infection with porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) further complicates disease management. This study underscores the urgent need for enhanced biosecurity and farmer education to mitigate ASFV outbreaks in endemic regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15071007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T08:48:00Z","timestamp":1743410880000},"page":"1007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Farming Practices, Biosecurity Gaps, and Genetic Insights into African Swine Fever Virus in the Iringa and Ruvuma Regions of Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4597-9529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agathe","family":"Auer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL) at the Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anderson Samwel","family":"Yohana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency Iringa (TVLA), Iringa P.O. Box 290, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9090-8471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tirumala B. K.","family":"Settypalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL) at the Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Sallu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Dar Es Salaam 14111, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelly","family":"Chang\u2019a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency Iringa (TVLA), Iringa P.O. Box 290, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Bitanyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency Iringa (TVLA), Iringa P.O. Box 290, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella Gaichugi","family":"Kiambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Dar Es Salaam 14111, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5983-2088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene K.","family":"Meki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL) at the Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2776-169X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William G.","family":"Dundon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL) at the Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artem","family":"Metlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andriy","family":"Rozstalnyy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geofrey Hallan","family":"Mbata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency Iringa (TVLA), Iringa P.O. Box 290, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Anset","family":"Okachu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency Iringa (TVLA), Iringa P.O. Box 290, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Magwisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Dar Es Salaam 14111, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sauda Ally","family":"Hamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency Iringa (TVLA), Iringa P.O. Box 290, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremia Theodos","family":"Choga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zonal Veterinary Investigation Centre (ZVC), Southern Highland Zone, Iringa P.O. Box 290, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stela Lucas","family":"Chalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zonal Veterinary Investigation Centre (ZVC), Southern Highland Zone, Iringa P.O. Box 290, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Kimutai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1827-6403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerald","family":"Misinzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro 67152, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon Wilson","family":"Nong\u2019ona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zonal Veterinary Investigation Centre (ZVC), Southern Highland Zone, Iringa P.O. Box 290, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Edmund","family":"Lyimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zonal Veterinary Investigation Centre (ZVC), Southern Highland Zone, Iringa P.O. Box 290, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1899-7614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles E.","family":"Lamien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL) at the Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. 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