{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T07:36:25Z","timestamp":1769844985221,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA National Food and Agricultural Federal Appropriations","award":["MIN-16-131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIN-16-131"]}]},{"name":"USDA National Food and Agricultural Federal Appropriations","award":["1027137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1027137"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Automated feeding robots (AFR) are increasingly being used on North American dairy farms to reduce dependency on human labor for feeding. These systems mix, deliver, and push up feed to cows at any frequency or interval desired, allowing for more frequent feed delivery than conventional feeding systems (CFS). This observational study investigated differences in ration consistency, milk components, milk fatty acid profile, and cow behavior between herds using AFR and those using CFS. Sixteen commercial dairies with automated milking systems (AMS) in the upper Midwest United States were paired based on herd size and location into eight blocks each consisting of one CFS and one AFR herd. Feed bunk samples were collected at four equally spaced time points for 3 consecutive d and analyzed for coefficient of variation (CV) of nutrient composition and particle size distribution. Bulk tank milk samples were collected 1 \u00d7\/d for 3 d and analyzed for fat, protein, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), lactose, and milk fatty acid (FA) profile. Daily AMS visit intervals, milk yield and composition, and rumination time data were collected from AMS software. A linear mixed model tested fixed effects of feeding system, block, and the random effect of day nested within block. The CV of feed bunk DM, ADF, NDF, and lignin was lower in AFR. Bulk tank milk fat, protein, and MUN were not different between AFR or CFS. AFR had a greater proportion of de novo synthesized FA, but no difference in preformed or mixed FA. Herds with AFR had a shorter AMS visit interval with more AMS refusals per day than CFS. Results imply that AFR may be associated with lower daily variation in fiber concentration at the feed bunk, increased mammary de novo fatty acid synthesis, and increased frequency of cow visits to the AMS compared to conventional PMR feeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15081103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T05:38:26Z","timestamp":1744349906000},"page":"1103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparisons of Feed Bunk Nutrient Consistency, Milk Production and Cow Behavior Between Herds Using Automated Milking Systems With or Without Automated Feeding Robots"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Kamau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Thorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lely North America, Pella, IA 50219, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie E.","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lely North America, Pella, IA 50219, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcia I.","family":"Endres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5895-8172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac J.","family":"Salfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7725","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-23313","article-title":"Geographical Trends for Automatic Milking Systems Research in Non-Pasture-Based Dairy Farms: A Scoping Review","volume":"106","author":"Marques","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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