{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:09:11Z","timestamp":1790024951777,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004770","name":"University of Parma","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004770","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding reproductive biology and associated disorders is crucial for the clinical management of chelonians, particularly those maintained in captivity. This literature review presents an overview of the main pathological conditions affecting the female reproductive tract of these animals. For each condition, practical and effective diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are detailed. Commonly observed disorders include dystocia, ectopic eggs, follicular stasis, infertility, oophoritis, salpingitis, cloacitis, cloacal or oviductal prolapse, neoplasms, and ovarian torsion. The fundamental approach to these conditions always involves a thorough clinical examination, which requires extensive knowledge of the species, a clinical history, and management practices. Diagnostic procedures include physical exams, imaging techniques (ultrasound, radiography, CT, endoscopy), and surgical interventions. A shared feature of many pathologies is the influence of management errors and the presence of non-specific clinical signs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15091275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T05:05:57Z","timestamp":1745989557000},"page":"1275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Disorders of the Female Reproductive Tract in Chelonians: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Lubian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via Dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"},{"name":"Mypetclinic, Viale Ranzoni, 20149 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Palotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via Dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Di Ianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Vetere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-9194(02)00013-0","article-title":"Chelonian reproductive disorders","volume":"5","author":"Innis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"521","article-title":"Biomedical and Surgical Aspects of Captive Reptile Husbandry","volume":"1","author":"Frye","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"55","article-title":"Reproductive Diseases in Chelonians","volume":"26","author":"Cagle","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exot. Pet Med."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"45","article-title":"Pathologies and Environmental Factors in Chelonian Reproduction: An Overview","volume":"24","author":"Galli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"12","article-title":"Clinical Management of Reproductive Disorders in Reptiles: Environmental Considerations and Treatment Options","volume":"24","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Herpetol. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2016.11.004","article-title":"Reproductive medicine in freshwater turtles and land tortoises","volume":"20","author":"Perry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Thomson, J.S. (2006). Anatomy of the Tortoise, Bibliomania."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2008.07.003","article-title":"Health assessment of the reptilian reproductive tract","volume":"17","author":"Rivera","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exot. Pet Med."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Mader, D.R. (2019). Tortoises, freshwater turtles, and terrapins. Mader\u2019s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, Elsevier Inc."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"175","article-title":"First evaluation of colonoscopy in Chinese soft-shell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)","volume":"22","author":"Morici","year":"2015","journal-title":"Russ. J. Herpetol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"73","article-title":"Endoscopy of cloaca in 51 Emys trinacris (Fritz et al., 2005): Morphological and diagnostic study","volume":"4","author":"Spadola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Herpetol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2016.11.002","article-title":"Reproductive disorders and perinatology of sea turtles","volume":"20","author":"Spadola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2012.02015.x","article-title":"Patterns of sexual size dimorphism in chelonia","volume":"108","author":"Schulte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.2307\/1565064","article-title":"Female participation in courtship behavior of the turtle Trachemys s. scripta","volume":"24","author":"Lovich","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Herpetol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Norris, D.O., and Lopez, K.H. (2011). Hormones and reproductive cycles in turtles. Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ernst, C.H., and Lovich, J.E. (2009). Turtles of the United States and Canada, The John Hopkins University Press.","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801891212"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Moll, E.O., and Legler, J.M. (1971). The Life History of a Neotropical Slider Turtle, Pseudemys scripta (Schoepff), in Panama, Bulletin of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Science."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.974","article-title":"The reproductive ecology of exotic Trachemys scripta elegans in an invaded area of southern Europe","volume":"18","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Skinner, M.K. (1998). Reptilian reproduction, overview. Encyclopedia of Reproduction, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McArthur, S., Wilkinson, R., and Meyer, J. (2004). Anatomy and physiology. Medicine and Surgery of Tortoises and Turtles, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470698877"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-010X(199811\/12)282:4\/5<526::AID-JEZ8>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Oviductal sperm storage as a reproductive tactic of turtles","volume":"282","author":"Gist","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"117","article-title":"Multiple paternity and sperm storage in turtles","volume":"3","author":"Galbraith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Herpetol. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.a.10135","article-title":"Oviductal sperm storage structure and their changes during the seasonal (dissociated) reproductive cycle in the soft-shelled turtle Lissemys punctata punctata","volume":"295","author":"Sarkar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. A Comp. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitayama, C., Tomiyasu, J., Bochimoto, H., Kondo, S., Tokuda, K., Ogawa, R., Okubo, S., and Kondoh, D. (2021). Histological findings of sperm storage in green turtle (Chelonia mydas) oviduct. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98917-6"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001830303","article-title":"Histology and functional morphology of the female reproductive tract of the tortoise Gopherus polyphemus","volume":"183","author":"Palmer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/92.2.206","article-title":"Turtle mating systems: Behavior, sperm storage, and genetic paternity","volume":"92","author":"Pearse","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"21","article-title":"Elevage et reproduction de Platemys platycephala (Schneider, 1792)","volume":"4","year":"2001","journal-title":"Manouria"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2307\/1564796","article-title":"Growth and reproduction in the mud turtle Kinosternon hirtipes in Chihuahua, Mexico","volume":"25","author":"Iverson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Herpetol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1163\/156853812X634035","article-title":"Optimal egg size in a suboptimal environment: Reproductive ecology of female Sonora mud turtles (Kinosternon sonoriense) in central Arizona, USA","volume":"33","author":"Lovich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amphib.-Reptil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12397","article-title":"Forecasting the viability of sea turtle eggs in a warming world","volume":"20","author":"Pike","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00361","article-title":"Experimental study of dune vegetation impact and control on leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea nests","volume":"15","author":"Conrad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endanger. Species Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McArthur, S., Wilkinson, R., and Meyer, J. (2004). Clinical pathology. Medicine and Surgery of Tortoises and Turtles, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470698877"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McArthur, S., Wilkinson, R., and Meyer, J. (2004). Diagnostic imaging techniques. Medicine and Surgery of Tortoises and Turtles, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470698877"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2010.05.013","article-title":"Updates and practical approaches to reproductive disorders in reptiles","volume":"13","author":"Sykes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"McArthur, S. (2001, January 13\u201317). Follicular stasis in captive chelonians, Testudo spp.. Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.21.05.0270","article-title":"Relationship, difference, and diagnostic discordance between blood ionized and total calcium concentrations in client-owned chelonians","volume":"260","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellebuyck, T., and Vilanova, F.S. (2022). The use of prefemoral endoscope-assisted surgery and transplastron coeliotomy in chelonian reproductive disorders. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12233439"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.159.4.122","article-title":"Benign ovarian teratoma in a red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans)","volume":"159","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02765","article-title":"Relating fibropapilloma tumor severity to blood parameters in green turtles Chelonia mydas","volume":"111","author":"Hirama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page-Karjian, A., Whitmore, L., Stacy, B.A., Perrault, J.R., Farrell, J.A., Shaver, D.J., Walker, J.S., Frandsen, H.R., Rantonen, E., and Harms, C.A. (2021). Fibropapillomatosis and Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 infection in kemp\u2019s ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii). Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113076"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3354\/dao062163","article-title":"Retrospective pathology survey of green turtles Chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis in the Hawaiian Islands, 1993\u20132003","volume":"62","author":"Work","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-35.4.804","article-title":"Relating tumor score to hematology in green turtles with fibropapillomatosis in Hawaii","volume":"35","author":"Work","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-48.2.314","article-title":"Hematologic and serum biochemical values of gravid freshwater Australian chelonians","volume":"48","author":"Scheelings","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Mader, D.R. (2006). Clinical pathology of reptiles. Reptile Medicine and Surgery, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doneley, B., Monks, D., Johnson, R., and Carmel, B. (2017). Diagnostic testing. Reptile Medicine and Surgery in Clinical Practice, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118977705"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Mader, D.R. (2006). Overview of biopsy and necropsy techniques. Reptile Medicine and Surgery, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"159","article-title":"Survey on the fungal flora of the cloaca of healthy pet reptiles","volume":"159","author":"Nardoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1638\/05-118.1","article-title":"Aerobic bacterial flora of nesting green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica","volume":"37","author":"Santoro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-07-157","article-title":"Aerobic bacterial microbiota isolated from the cloaca of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) in Poland","volume":"51","author":"Nowakiewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filek, K., Trotta, A., Gra\u010dan, R., Di Bello, A., Corrente, M., and Bosak, S. (2021). Characterization of oral and cloacal microbial communities of wild and rehabilitated loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Anim. Microbiome, 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-021-00120-5"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2010.12.005","article-title":"Antibiotic resistant bacteria as bio-indicator of polluted effluent in the green turtles, Chelonia mydas in Oman","volume":"71","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-37.2.252","article-title":"Nasal and cloacal bacteria in free-ranging desert tortoises from the western United States","volume":"37","author":"Dickinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"267","article-title":"Observations on the female reproductive cycle of captive giant tortoises (Geochelone spp.) using ultrasound scanning","volume":"28","author":"Casares","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2016.11.003","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging of reproductive tract disorders in reptiles","volume":"20","author":"Gumpenberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1053\/saep.2001.24674","article-title":"The use of computed tomography in avian and reptile medicine","volume":"10","author":"Gumpenberger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin. Avian Exot. Pet Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2010.01.005","article-title":"Endoscopy and endosurgery of the chelonian reproductive tract","volume":"13","author":"Innis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2013.11.009","article-title":"Comparison between intramuscular and intravenous administration of oxytocin in captive-bred red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) with nonobstructive egg retention","volume":"23","author":"Parmigiani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exot. Pet Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651.12.1.4","article-title":"Egg-retention in the urinary bladder of a Florida cooter turtle, Pseudemys floridana floridana","volume":"12","author":"Thomas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Herpetol. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doneley, B., Monks, D., Johnson, R., and Carmel, B. (2017). Disorders of the reproductive system. Reptile Medicine and Surgery in Clinical Practice, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118977705"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McArthur, S., Wilkinson, R., and Meyer, J. (2004). Problem-solving approach to common diseases of terrestrial and semi-aquatic chelonians. Medicine and Surgery of Tortoises and Turtles, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470698877.ch13"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mader, D.R. (2006). Dystocias. Mader DR Reptile Medicine and Surgery, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-72-169327-X\/50039-0"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Frye, F.L. (1994). Surgical and non-surgical procedures dystocia. Reptile Clinician\u2019s Handbook, Krieger."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2006.05.010","article-title":"Dystocia in an injured common eastern long-necked turtle (Chelodina longicollis)","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"569","article-title":"Endoscopy-guided ectopic egg removal from the urinary bladder in a leopard tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis)","volume":"55","author":"Mans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Mader, D.R. (2006). Reptile formulary. Reptile Medicine and Surgery, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Gans, C. (1977). The dynamics of populations of squamates, crocodilians, and rhynchocephalians. Biology of the Reptilia, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2011.01172.x","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of oviductal disease in three red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans)","volume":"53","author":"Mans","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Knotek, Z., Jekl, V., Knotkova, Z., and Grabensteiner, E. (2009). Eggs in chelonian urinary bladder: Is coeliotomy necessary?. Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians\u201416th Annual Conference, Milwaukee, WI, USA, 8\u201315 August 2009, Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1979.tb06735.x","article-title":"Obstetrical problems in two tortoises","volume":"20","author":"Holt","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1638\/2009-0196.1","article-title":"Cystoscopic guided removal of ectopic eggs from the urinary bladder of the Florida cooter turtle (Pseudemys floridana floridana)","volume":"41","author":"Minter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Grundmann, M., M\u00f6stl, E., Knotkova, Z., and Knotek, Z. (2013, January 20\u201326). The use of synthetical Gnrh agonist implants (Deslorelin) for the suppression of reptile endocrine reproductive activity. Proceedings of the 1st ICARE Conference, Wiesbaden, Germany."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardi, E., Manfredi, M., Capitelli, R., Lubian, E., Vetere, A., Montani, A., Bertoni, T., Talon, E., Ratti, G., and Romussi, S. (2021). Determination of efficacy of single and double 4.7 mg deslorelin acetate implant on the reproductive activity of female pond sliders (Trachemys scripta). Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030660"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masi, M., Vetere, A., Casalini, J., Corsi, F., Di Ianni, F., and Nardini, G. (2023). Comparison of subcutaneous versus intramuscular dexmedetomidine-midazolam-ketamine-morphine (DMKM) mixture as chemical restraint for endoscopic sex determination in aldabra giant tortoises (Aldabrachelys gigantea). Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13233626"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2017.041","article-title":"Effects of deslorelin acetate on plasma testosterone concentrations in captive yellow-bellied sliders (Trachemys scripta sp.)","volume":"65","author":"Potier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McArthur, S., Wilkinson, R., and Meyer, J. (2004). Surgery. Medicine and Surgery of Tortoises and Turtles, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470698877"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Divers, S.J., and Stahl, S.J. (2019). Mader\u2019s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardi, E., Antolini, G., Lubian, E., Bronzo, V., and Romussi, S. (2020). Comparison of lateral and dorsal recumbency during endoscope-assisted oophorectomy in mature pond sliders (Trachemys scripta). Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091451"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.7.1049","article-title":"Coelioscopic-assisted prefemoral oophorectomy in chelonians","volume":"230","author":"Innis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Mitchell, M. (2015, January 15\u201318). An introduction to reptile surgery: A chance to cut is a chance to cure. Proceedings of the 40th World Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress, Bangkok, Thailand."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2015000200014","article-title":"Celiotomy by plastrotomy in a yellow-footed tortoise (Geochelone denticulata)","volume":"35","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2008.08.001","article-title":"Clinical technique: Chelonian shell repair","volume":"17","author":"Fleming","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exot. Pet Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-9194(03)00048-3","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of reptile orthopedic injuries","volume":"5","author":"Mitchell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2018.01.011","article-title":"Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists and other contraceptive medications in exotic companion animals","volume":"21","author":"Schoemaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vetere, A., Bigliardi, E., Masi, M., Rizzi, M., Leandrin, E., and Di Ianni, F. (2023). Egg removal via cloacoscopy in three dystocic leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius). Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13050924"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McArthur, S., Wilkinson, R., and Meyer, J. (2004). Interpretation of presenting signs. Medicine and Surgery of Tortoises and Turtles, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470698877"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"111","article-title":"Ovariectomy for treatment of follicular stasis in lizards","volume":"25","author":"Backues","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Divers, S.J., and Stahl, S.J. (2018). Mader\u2019s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery-E-Book, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.17-0182","article-title":"Single-incision, prefemoral bilateral oophorosalpingectomy without coelioscopy in an Indian star tortoise (Geochelone elegans) with follicular stasis","volume":"79","author":"Takami","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"27","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging of ovaries and eggs in kemp\u2019s ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempi)","volume":"21","author":"Rostal","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doneley, B., Monks, D., Johnson, R., and Carmel, B. (2017). Differential diagnoses. Reptile Medicine and Surgery in Clinical Practice, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118977705"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"347","article-title":"Common Reproductive Disorders of Female Reptiles","volume":"11","author":"Divers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Lubian, E., and Martino, P.A. (2010). Composizione Della Flora Batterica Cloacale in Testudo hermanni Sane E Con Cloacite. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, University of Milan]."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"1","article-title":"Management of uterine prolapse in a turtle","volume":"7","author":"Aziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"CIBTech J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.21825\/vdt.v90i2.18828","article-title":"Oviductal prolapse associated with a leiomyoma in a Hermann\u2019s tortoise (Testudo hermanni)","volume":"90","author":"Simard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vlaams Diergeneeskd. Tijdschr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870301500118","article-title":"Malignant ovarian teratoma in a red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans)","volume":"15","author":"Newman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2307\/20094875","article-title":"Dysgerminomas in two red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) from the same household","volume":"19","author":"Frye","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Zoo Anim. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"349","article-title":"Report of dysgerminoma in the ovaries of a snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) with discussion of ovarian neoplasms reported in reptilians and women","volume":"6","author":"Machotka","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vivo"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"885","article-title":"Diagnosis and surgical treatment of reptilian neoplasms with a compilation of cases 1966\u20131993","volume":"8","author":"Frye","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vivo"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2007.06.001","article-title":"The exposure of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) to tumour promoting compounds produced by the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula and their potential role in the aetiology of fibropapillomatosis","volume":"7","author":"Arthur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Houtan, K.S., Hargrove, S.K., and Balazs, G.H. (2010). Land use, macroalgae, and a tumor-forming disease in marine turtles. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012900"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1638\/2024-0022","article-title":"Unilateral ovarian torsion in five geckos: Clinical and ultrasound findings","volume":"55","author":"Paillusseau","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651.18.1.14","article-title":"Ovarian Torsion in a Green, Iguana iguana, and a Rhinoceros, Cyclura cornuta, Iguana","volume":"18","author":"Garner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Herpetol. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2022.02.007","article-title":"Unilateral ovarian torsion in a Moroccan eyed lizard (Timon tangitanus)","volume":"41","author":"Vetere","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exotic Pet Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vetere, A., Gavezzoli, M., Bel, L.V., Lecce, R.D., Fumeo, M., Bonazzi, M., and Ianni, F.D. (2025). Partial unilateral ovarian torsion in a Red-Eared Slider Turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans). Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1524568"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/9\/1275\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:24:48Z","timestamp":1760030688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/9\/1275"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15091275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15091275","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]}}}