{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:09:59Z","timestamp":1768320599041,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]],"date-time":"2025-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focused on the physicochemical characteristics of the fermented products (FP) produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CU33 (CU33) from soybean meal with 70% moisture. Additionally, it investigated the effects of adding FP to starter on the growth performance, general health performance, blood clinical biochemistry, and immunity of Alpine goat kids during the weaning period. Forty 14-day-old male Alpine goat kids were randomly assigned into starter supplementations of 0, 0.1, 0.3, or 0.5% CU33 FP for 8 weeks, and each goat kid was individually raised in stainless steel cage (width 70 cm \u00d7 height 70 cm \u00d7 depth 80 cm). The moisture after fermentation was linearly decreased as fermentation time increased (p &lt; 0.05), and the pH value and Bacillus-like counts reached the highest at 24 h of fermentation. The activity of neutral protease and alkaline protease, the content of surfactin and \u03b3-PGA, the viscosity, and the odor of CU33 FP were linearly increased as fermentation time increased (p &lt; 0.05). The neutral protease activity, surfactin, \u03b3-PGA, and viscosity increased after drying, whereas the moisture, pH value, Bacillus-like counts, and odor decreased (p &lt; 0.05). During the pre-weaning period (0\u20134 weeks), the body weight gain (BWG) of the 0.1% CU33 FP group was higher than that of the control group (p &lt; 0.05), and all CU33 FP groups showed a better feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the control group (p &lt; 0.05). During the post-weaning period (4\u20138 weeks) and throughout the entire experimental period (0\u20138 weeks), the BWG and FCR of all CU33 FP groups were better than those of the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, both BWG and FCR improved linearly as the dietary level of CU33 FP increased (p &lt; 0.05). Simultaneously, the fecal consistency index at 0\u20134 and 4\u20138 weeks and the coliform counts in the rectum at 4 weeks linearly decreased (p &lt; 0.05), and the Bacillus-like counts in the rectum linearly increased at 4 and 8 weeks (p &lt; 0.05). Phosphorous (P), total protein (TP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in serum at 8 weeks, and the oxidative burst capacity at 4 weeks linearly increased as the dietary level of CU33 FP increased, but the skin sensitization test showed a quadratic curve, and the 0.1% CU33 FP group had the lowest performance (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 0.1% of CU33 FP can improve the growth performance, diarrhea status, and oxidative burst capacity of Alpine goat kids, showing the potential to be a feed additive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15091324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T20:09:14Z","timestamp":1746389354000},"page":"1324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CU33 Fermented Product Improves Growth Performance, Diarrhea, and Immunity of Goat Kids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tsung-Yu","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Division, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tainan 712009, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7803-8672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yueh-Sheng","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiaho Agrscience Co., Ltd., Chiayi 600039, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chean-Ping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8994-4750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bor-Chun","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9617-4659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo-Lung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7323","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18859","article-title":"Graduate Student Literature Review: Current Recommendations and Scientific Knowledge on Dairy Goat Kid Rearing Practices in Intensive Production Systems in Canada, the United States, and France","volume":"104","author":"Vasseur","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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