{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T18:02:48Z","timestamp":1779904968949,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]],"date-time":"2025-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cold stress disrupts broiler homeostasis, and a single intervention may be insufficient for protection. This study examined the effects of early cold conditioning (25 \u00b1 1 \u00b0C for 3 h at 5 days) and glutamine (Gln) supplementation on broiler thermotolerance during a 16 \u00b1 1 \u00b0C cold challenge at 35 days. A 2 \u00d7 3 factorial design assigned 360 Cobb-500 broilers to six treatments (six replicates\/treatment, ten birds\/replicate) with three Gln levels (0%, 0.3%, and 0.5%) and two temperature conditions: standard temperature and a 7 \u00b0C reduction at 5 days old. Supplementing with 0.3% and 0.5% Gln and cold conditioning improved growth performance (p &lt; 0.05), except for feed intake during the grower-finisher phase and overall growth with cold conditioning alone. Adding 0.3% and 0.5% Gln enhanced hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), antioxidant capacity, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), interleukin 2 (IL2), IL10, IL4, interferon-\u03b3 (INF-\u03b3), and troponin-T levels (p &lt; 0.05). Cold conditioning influenced packed cell volume, T3, T4, CAT, HSP70, IL10, INF-\u03b3, and troponin-T levels (p &lt; 0.05). Diet-temperature interaction influenced growth, antioxidant, and immune responses, but not hematological or biochemical indicators. Overall, dietary Gln at 0.3% and 0.5% and early cold conditioning may serve as complementary strategies to mitigate cold stress in broilers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15101386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T04:21:23Z","timestamp":1747023683000},"page":"1386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Glutamine Supplementation and Early Cold Conditioning on Cold Stress Adaptability in Broilers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1696-562X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanan","family":"Al-Khalaifah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Kuwait City 13109, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samar A.","family":"Tolba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig P.O. Box 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8832-9583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afaf","family":"Al-Nasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Kuwait City 13109, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2577-2993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Gouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, National Research Center, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza P.O. Box 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13041","article-title":"Habitat Selection Can Reduce Effects of Extreme Climatic Events in a Long-Lived Shorebird","volume":"88","author":"Bailey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09332-5","article-title":"More Frequent Extreme Climate Events Stabilize Reindeer Population Dynamics","volume":"10","author":"Hansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"325","article-title":"Managerial and Nutritional Trends to Mitigate Heat Stress Risks in Poultry Farms","volume":"77","author":"Mohamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Agric. Environ. 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