{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:29:22Z","timestamp":1790980162681,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32072730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072730"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202206010171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206010171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022XPY00011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022XPY00011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021A1515010781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515010781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou","award":["32072730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072730"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou","award":["202206010171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206010171"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou","award":["2022XPY00011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022XPY00011"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou","award":["2021A1515010781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515010781"]}]},{"name":"Rural Revitalization Special Project of Guangdong Province","award":["32072730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072730"]}]},{"name":"Rural Revitalization Special Project of Guangdong Province","award":["202206010171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206010171"]}]},{"name":"Rural Revitalization Special Project of Guangdong Province","award":["2022XPY00011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022XPY00011"]}]},{"name":"Rural Revitalization Special Project of Guangdong Province","award":["2021A1515010781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515010781"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32072730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072730"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202206010171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206010171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022XPY00011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022XPY00011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021A1515010781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515010781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Strong broodiness is an important reproductive characteristic of Magang geese, manifested by periodic laying\u2013incubation activities during the breeding season. To investigate the changes in ovarian activity, follicular development, and gonadal reproductive regulators during the laying\u2013incubation cycle, this study examined ovarian morphology, follicular development, blood reproductive hormones, and the expressions of reproductive regulators in the gonadal stroma, follicular granulosa, and membranous layer of the follicles during the laying, early broodiness, depth of broodiness, and end of broodiness periods of Magang geese. The results showed that ovarian activity degenerated and atrophied with the onset of brooding: the number of LWFs and SYFs decreased rapidly; LFY disappeared; PRL in the blood increased significantly; FSH, P4, E2, and INH decreased significantly; and the mRNA levels of GnIH and steroidogenic factors were up-regulated in the ovarian stroma. With the termination of brooding, the ovarian activity was gradually restored: the numbers of LWFs and SYFs increased gradually; LYF began to appear; PRL in the blood decreased; FSH and E2 increased; P4 remained low; and expressions of GnIH and steroidogenic factors were down-regulated in the ovarian stroma. During the laying period, with the rapid development of follicles, the expressions of FSHR and GnIH were significantly up-regulated; GnIH expression peaked in the SY granulosa layer, while FSHR expression peaked in the F6 granulosa layer. As LYF developed and ovulation occurred, the expressions of FSHR and GnIH were significantly down-regulated, LHR expression was significantly up-regulated, the expression of GnIHR peaked in the F3 granulosa layer and then declined, PRLR expression was the lowest in the F1 granulosa layer, steroidogenic factor StAR was up-regulated, CYP19A1 was down-regulated, and 3\u03b2-HSD peaked in the F3 granulosa layer and then declined. The results indicate that GnIH\/GnIHR, FSHR, LHR, and PRLR in the gonad correspond to the upstream reproductive hormones and the jointly regulated steroid hormone production and follicular development, which leads to periodic changes in ovarian activity during the laying\u2013incubation cycle of the breeding season of Magang geese. GnIH\/GnIHR might play an important regulatory role for FSHR, LHR, and PRLR in the gonads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15101390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T04:21:23Z","timestamp":1747023683000},"page":"1390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changes in Ovarian Activity and Expressions of Follicle Development Regulation Factors During the Laying\u2013Incubation Cycle in Magang Geese"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqiu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danli","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjia","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danning","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunbo","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunmao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933908000081","article-title":"Controlling reproductive seasonality in the geese: A review","volume":"64","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2007.02.005","article-title":"Endocrine regulations of reproductive seasonality, follicular development and incubation in Magang geese","volume":"104","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2006.03.002","article-title":"Seasonal and photoperiodic regulation of secretion of hormones associated with reproduction in Magang goose ganders","volume":"32","author":"Shi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.06.040","article-title":"Circadian clocks and the measurement of daylength in seasonal reproduction","volume":"349","author":"Ikegami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"99","article-title":"Seasonal changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in birds","volume":"7","author":"Leska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.12.001","article-title":"Seasonal control of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) in birds and mammals","volume":"37","author":"Kriegsfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3350","article-title":"A novel avian hypothalamic peptide inhibiting gonadotropin release","volume":"275","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.02.003","article-title":"A new key neurohormone controlling reproduction, gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH): Biosynthesis, mode of action and functional significance","volume":"88","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsutsui, K., Ubuka, T., Bentley, G.E., and Kriegsfeld, L.J. (2013). Review: Regulatory mechanisms of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) synthesis and release in photoperiodic animals. Front. Neurosci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00060"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3409\/fb62_1.1","article-title":"Prolactin (PRL) and prolactin receptor (PRLR) genes and their role in poultry production traits","volume":"62","author":"Wilkanowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Folia. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liufu, S., Pan, J., Sun, J., Shen, X., Jiang, D., Ouyang, H., Xu, D., Tian, Y., and Huang, Y. (2022). Opn5 regulating mechanism of follicle development through the TSH-DIO2\/DIO3 pathway in mountain ducks under different photoperiods. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.813881"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.2144\/00292rv02","article-title":"Control selection for RNA quantitation","volume":"29","author":"Suzuki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13494","article-title":"Characterization of ovarian morphology and reproductive hormones in Zhedong white geese (Anser cygnoides domesticus) during the reproductive cycle","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.135.5.7525255","article-title":"Gonadotropin suppression of apoptosis in cultured preovulatory follicles: Mediatory role of endogenous insulin-like growth factor i","volume":"135","author":"Chun","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345104","article-title":"Effects of progesterone (P) and antiprogestin RU486 on LH and FSH release by incubated pituitaries from rats treated with the SERM LY11701 8-HCL and\/or recombinant human FSH","volume":"25","author":"Bellido","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1139\/y03-025","article-title":"A neuroendocrine model for prolactin as the key mediator of seasonal breeding in birds under long- and short-day photoperiods","volume":"81","author":"Sharp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"285","article-title":"Variation in the ovarian and plasma progesterone and estradiol levels of the domestic hen during a pause in laying","volume":"49","author":"Proszkowiec","year":"2001","journal-title":"Folia. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.05926","article-title":"A novel g protein-coupled receptor for gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica): Identification, expression and binding activity","volume":"184","author":"Yin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, G., Fang, C., Li, J., Mo, C., Wang, Y., and Li, J. (2019). Transcriptomic diversification of granulosa cells during follicular development in chicken. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41132-1"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1770045","article-title":"Ovarian follicle development in the laying hen is accompanied by divergent changes in inhibin A, inhibin B, activin A and follistatin production in granulosa and theca layers","volume":"177","author":"Lovell","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2006.10.005","article-title":"The general and comparative biology of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH)","volume":"153","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-125-1-109","article-title":"Differential steroid production between theca interna and theca externa cells: A three-cell model for follicular steroidogenesis in avian species","volume":"125","author":"Porter","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31973-5_7","article-title":"Ovarian folliculogenesis","volume":"58","author":"Alyagor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Results Probl. Cell Differ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2017.03.013","article-title":"Transcription of CYP19A1 is directly regulated by SF-1 in the theca cells of ovary follicles in chicken","volume":"247","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.033902","article-title":"Regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone-receptor messenger RNA in hen granulosa cells relative to follicle selection","volume":"72","author":"Woods","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-14-0048","article-title":"Calcineurin and CRTC2 mediate FSH and TGFbeta1 upregulation of CYP19A1 and NR5A in ovary granulosa cells","volume":"53","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, Q., Sun, A., Guo, R., Lei, M., Ying, S., and Shi, Z. (2013). The characteristics of oviposition and hormonal and gene regulation of ovarian follicle development in Magang geese. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-11-65"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-024-03690-x","article-title":"The effect of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone on steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis by acting through the hypothalamic-pituitary-testis axis in mice","volume":"84","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2023.109349","article-title":"Rfamide-related peptide-3(RFRP-3) receptor gene is expressed in mouse ovarian granulosa cells: Potential role of RFRP-3 in steroidogenesis and apoptosis","volume":"202","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102227","article-title":"Expression of GnIH and its effects on follicle development and steroidogenesis in quail ovaries under different photoperiods","volume":"101","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:19940409","article-title":"Relationships between broodiness expression laying persistency and concentrations of hormones during the first productive period in turkey hens (Meleagris gallopavo)","volume":"34","author":"Guemene","year":"1994","journal-title":"Reprod. Nutr. Dev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod52.3.600","article-title":"Modulation of ovarian cytochrome P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase and cytochrome aromatase messenger ribonucleic acid by prolactin in the domestic turkey","volume":"52","author":"Tabibzadeh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.05955","article-title":"Activation of the p38 MAPK pathway by follicle-stimulating hormone regulates steroidogenesis in granulosa cells differentially","volume":"186","author":"Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-0102","article-title":"Steroidogenic factor-1 is required for TGF-beta3-mediated 17beta-estradiol synthesis in mouse ovarian granulosa cells","volume":"152","author":"Liang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/peu008","article-title":"Ovarian follicle selection and granulosa cell differentiation","volume":"94","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20210036","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-3143-ar2021-0036","article-title":"Gonadotropin inhibitory hormone downregulates steroid hormone secretion and genes expressions in duck granulosa cells","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.12.021","article-title":"Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on secretion of steroids and StAR, HSD3B and CYP19A1 mrna expression in chicken ovarian follicles","volume":"225","author":"Sechman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2019.11.065","article-title":"Post-photostimulation energy intake accelerated pubertal development in broiler breeder pullets","volume":"99","author":"Hadinia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.110914","article-title":"Discovery of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), progress in GnIH research on reproductive physiology and behavior and perspective of GnIH research on neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction","volume":"514","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son, Y.L., Ubuka, T., and Tsutsui, K. (2019). Molecular mechanisms of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) actions in target cells and regulation of GnIH expression. Front. Endocrinol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00110"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsutsui, K., Ubuka, T., Son, Y.L., Bentley, G.E., and Kriegsfeld, L.J. (2015). Contribution of GnIH research to the progress of reproductive neuroendocrinology. Front. Endocrinol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2015.00179"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2016.05.004","article-title":"Expression and actions of GnIH and its orthologs in vertebrates: Current status and advanced knowledge","volume":"59","author":"Ullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sang, L., Sun, S., Wang, J., Gao, C., Chen, D., and Xie, X. (2024). Dual effects of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone on testicular development in prepubertal Minxinan Black rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1320452"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/10\/1390\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:30:59Z","timestamp":1760031059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/10\/1390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15101390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15101390","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]}}}