{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:55:13Z","timestamp":1784613313678,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skin infections are common in veterinary practice and are often treated with topical agents. Superficial pyoderma (superficial bacterial folliculitis) is a common cause of skin disease in dogs and a reason for treatment, most caused by Staphylococcus spp. strains. The frequent use of antibiotics contributes to the emergence of resistant bacterial strains, making antimicrobial resistance (AMR) one of the most important threats to human and animal health. For this reason, active natural compounds are increasingly being explored as alternative therapies. To contribute to the development of effective treatments for bacterial infectious diseases, researchers are looking for new antimicrobial agents. Topical drug action has many advantages as it avoids systemic reactions and ensures that the active substance reaches the site of the lesion directly. This study aimed to develop gelled dosage forms with propolis extract and to evaluate their antibacterial activity and the release of the active substances. Hydrogels, oleogels, and bigels enriched with eutectic propolis extract were produced. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were chosen as an effective tool to extract the active compounds of propolis and to improve their penetration into the skin. The pH values of the semi-solid pharmaceutical forms tested ranged from 3.3 to 6.4. Using modified Franz-type diffusion cells, the release of phenolic compounds from gels, oleogels, and bigels was assessed and quantified spectrophotometrically using the Folin\u2013Ciocalteu method. The highest amount of active compounds was released from the hydrogels, while the lowest amount was released from the castor oil-based oleogel. The study used clinical and reference strains of bacteria. The antimicrobial activity of the gelled dosage forms with propolis extract was tested against six pathogenic bacterial species (S. aureus, S. agalactiae, B. cereus, E. faecalis, E. coli, Ps. aeruginosa) and one pathogenic fungus (C. albicans). The study\u2019s results suggest that the propolis extract obtained by DES has significant antibacterial activity and is a promising component in skin formulations for the treatment of bacterial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15101434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T11:02:27Z","timestamp":1747306947000},"page":"1434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Efficacy Study of Propolis Eutectic Extract in Gel Formulations for the Treatment of Bacterial Skin Diseases in Dogs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dovil\u0117","family":"Svetikien\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dr. L. Kriauceliunas Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Jokubaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliai Avenue 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gintaras","family":"Zamokas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dr. L. Kriauceliunas Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Babickaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dr. L. Kriauceliunas Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"\u0160iug\u017ediniene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilz\u0117s Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Ramanauskiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliai Avenue 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2011.00967.x","article-title":"Current evidence of skin barrier dysfunction in human and canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"22","author":"Marsella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. 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