{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T20:42:12Z","timestamp":1783975332892,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DGAPA-UNAM","award":["PAPIIT IN204722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPIIT IN204722"]}]},{"name":"DGAPA-UNAM","award":["PAPIME PE205524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPIME PE205524"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The issue of stray cats and dogs is a global concern with considerable implications for animal welfare and public health. This review aims to provide an updated and comprehensive analysis of non-surgical contraceptive methods tested in studies controlled in vivo in feline and canine females. Immunocontraception via vaccination against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the luteinizing hormone receptor, zona pellucida proteins, and sperm, or use of viral-vectored delivery, is yet developing. Hormonal treatment (progestins, androgens, or GnRH) analogs act directly to block the reproductive axis. However, it produced essential side effects. Analogs of kisspeptin, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs such as firocoxib, and delivery of cytotoxins to the pituitary have shown non-conclusive results. Additional methods have also been tested, such as intraovarian injection of necrosing compounds or intravaginal and intrauterine devices. At present, neither of these methods offers permanent sterility that can replace surgical sterilization techniques. To our knowledge, none are currently authorized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for contraceptive methods or sterilization of cats or dogs. Therefore, it is necessary to continue the development of a compound that warrants the sterility of cats and dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15101501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T13:59:43Z","timestamp":1747835983000},"page":"1501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comprehensive Evaluation and Future Perspectives of Non-Surgical Contraceptive Methods in Female Cats and Dogs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2982-1315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheila I.","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Corona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa Aurea","family":"Vaquera-Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1427-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Cerb\u00f3n-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Reproducci\u00f3n, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1233-6313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan I.","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Corona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado en Tecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico-FESC, Campus 1, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54714, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2043-1425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n E.","family":"Iglesias-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Producci\u00f3n Agricola y Animal, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3053-193X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alonso","family":"Sierra-Res\u00e9ndiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Cultural Ecuestre Domecq, Carretera M\u00e9xico Veracruz Kil\u00f3metro 30.5, Sta Ines, Texcoco 56240, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1078-6695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"P\u00e9rez-Rivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Producci\u00f3n Agricola y Animal, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6360-8871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Socorro","family":"Retana-M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2192-585X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo Adri\u00e1n","family":"Vizcaino-Dorado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica, Departamento de Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0881-0943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Quintanar-Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado en Tecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico-FESC, Campus 1, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54714, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7940-1100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Leyva-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9933-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinorah","family":"Vargas-Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda y Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38721-0","article-title":"Durable contraception in the female domestic cat using viral-vectored delivery of a feline anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone transgene","volume":"14","author":"Vansandt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.292","article-title":"Effect of immunization with bovine luteinizing hormone receptor on ovarian function in cats","volume":"64","author":"Saxena","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05670-y","article-title":"Zoonotic parasites associated with predation by dogs and cats","volume":"16","author":"Otranto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, L.M.E., Ortiz, R.C.R., Berumen, F.L.R., Pi\u00f1a, F.J.G., and Delgado, R.M.R. (2023). Importancia del manejo de la poblaci\u00f3n canina en situaci\u00f3n de calle en M\u00e9xico: Perspectivas y desaf\u00edos. CIBA Rev. Iberoam. Cienc. Biol. Agropecu., 12.","DOI":"10.23913\/ciba.v12i24.124"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"154","article-title":"Dogs as Pets and Pests: Global Patterns of Canine Abundance, Activity, and Health","volume":"61","author":"Bryce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ordu\u00f1a-Villase\u00f1or, M., Valenzuela-Galv\u00e1n, D., and Schondube, J.E. (2023). Tus mejores amigos pueden ser tus peores enemigos: Impacto de los gatos y perros dom\u00e9sticos en pa\u00edses megadiversos. Rev. Mex. Biodivers., 94.","DOI":"10.22201\/ib.20078706e.2023.94.4850"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a-Corona, S.I., Gomez-Vazquez, J.P., L\u00f3pez-Flores, E.A., Vargas Estrada, D., Arvizu-Tovar, L.O., P\u00e9rez-Rivero, J.J., Ju\u00e1rez Rodr\u00edguez, I., Sierra Resendiz, A., and Soberanis-Ramos, O. (2022). Use of an Extrapolation Method To Estimate the Population of Cats and Dogs Living at Homes in Mexico in 2022, Veterinaria M\u00e9xico OA.","DOI":"10.22201\/fmvz.24486760e.2022.1001"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.20453\/stv.v6i2.3459","article-title":"M\u00e9todos de contracepci\u00f3n en el control poblacional de perros: Un punto de vista de los m\u00e9dicos veterinarios de cl\u00ednica de animales de compa\u00f1\u00eda","volume":"6","author":"Pelaez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Salud Tecnol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"45","article-title":"Sobrepoblaci\u00f3n canina y felina: Tendencias y nuevas perspectivas","volume":"58","author":"Salamanca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Fac. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2012.02078.x","article-title":"Effects of surgical sterilization on canine and feline health and on society","volume":"47","author":"Kustritz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim. Zuchthyg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira-Martins, M., Portugal, M., Cardoso, L., and Martins-Bessa, A. (2023). The Impact of Pediatric Neutering in Dogs and Cats-A Retrospective Study. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13152487"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR20105045","article-title":"Evaluating the benefits and risks of neutering dogs and cats","volume":"5","author":"McKenzie","year":"2010","journal-title":"CABI Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.224.380","article-title":"Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in dogs","volume":"224","author":"Spain","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"83","article-title":"Complicaciones por esterilizaci\u00f3n quir\u00fargica mediante ovariohisterectom\u00eda en perras: Revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica","volume":"1","author":"Rojas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Uribe Sarmiento, F.F., Prada Delgado, Y.F., Rodr\u00edguez Barajas, B.S., and Bayona S\u00e1nchez, J.A. (2018). M\u00e9todos de Esterilizaci\u00f3n en Caninos Y Felinos, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia. Revisi\u00f3n de Literatura."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Trujillo Santill\u00e1n, N.S. (2022). Estimaci\u00f3n de la Poblaci\u00f3n de Perros Y Gatos Vagabundos Dentro Del Cant\u00f3n Riobamba, Universidad de Cuenca."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"336","article-title":"Estimaci\u00f3n del impacto de la esterilizaci\u00f3n en el \u00edndice de crecimiento de la poblaci\u00f3n de caninos","volume":"22","author":"Zumpano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Investig. Vet. Del. Per\u00fa"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"bmj"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-08-0471","article-title":"Contraceptive potential of porcine and feline zona pellucida A, B and C subunits in domestic cats","volume":"137","author":"Eade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18758549","article-title":"Effectiveness of GonaCon as an immunocontraceptive in colony-housed cats","volume":"20","author":"Fischer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)00904-4","article-title":"Evaluation of a porcine zona pellucida vaccine for the immunocontraception of domestic kittens (Felis catus)","volume":"58","author":"Gorman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(95)00046-B","article-title":"Contraceptive potential of porcine zona pellucida in cats","volume":"43","author":"Ivanovo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.06.022","article-title":"Long-term fertility control in female cats with GonaCon\u2122, a GnRH immunocontraceptive","volume":"76","author":"Levy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.07.015","article-title":"Survey of zona pellucida antigens for immunocontraception of cats","volume":"63","author":"Levy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2004.08.004","article-title":"Assessment of the immunological and biological efficacy of two different doses of a recombinant GnRH vaccine in domestic male and female cats (Felis catus)","volume":"64","author":"Robbins","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.03.030","article-title":"Ovarian activity reversibility after the use of deslorelin acetate as a short-term contraceptive in domestic queens","volume":"78","author":"Ackermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19901023","article-title":"Contraceptive implants used by cat breeders in France: A study of 140 purebred cats","volume":"22","author":"Furthner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.04.004","article-title":"Suppression of estrus in cats with melatonin implants","volume":"72","author":"Gimenez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.10.013","article-title":"Failure of a single dose of medroxyprogesterone acetate to induce uterine infertility in postnatally treated domestic cats","volume":"85","author":"Faya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.11.018","article-title":"Treatment of queens in estrus and after estrus with a GnRH-agonist implant containing 4.7 mg deslorelin; hormonal response, duration of efficacy, and reversibility","volume":"79","author":"Georgiev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2003.05.004","article-title":"Influence of oral melatonin on natural and gonadotropin-induced ovarian function in the domestic cat","volume":"61","author":"Graham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01415.x","article-title":"Controlled delivery of a GnRH agonist by a silastic implant (Gonazon) results in long-term contraception in queens","volume":"44","author":"Rubion","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.07.046","article-title":"Effects of the GnRH analogue deslorelin implants on reproduction in female domestic cats","volume":"77","author":"Toydemir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.09.026","article-title":"No adverse effects of simultaneous vaccination with the immunocontraceptive GonaCon\u2122 and a commercial rabies vaccine on rabies virus neutralizing antibody production in dogs","volume":"27","author":"Bender","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-020-0100-z","article-title":"The detection of canine anti-sperm antibody following parenteral immunization of bitches against homogenized whole sperm","volume":"30","author":"Esmailnejad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Androl."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13536","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13536","article-title":"Contraceptive efficacy of recombinant porcine zona proteins and fusion protein encompassing canine ZP3 fragment and GnRH in female beagle dogs","volume":"87","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.06.029","article-title":"Immunization of dogs with recombinant GnRH-1 suppresses the development of reproductive function","volume":"83","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod32.4.761","article-title":"Fertility control in the bitch by active immunization with porcine zonae pellucidae: Use of different adjuvants and patterns of estradiol and progesterone levels in estrous cycles","volume":"32","author":"Yanagimachi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402220112","article-title":"Infertility in bitches induced by active immunization with porcine zonae pellucidae","volume":"222","author":"Huang","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0531.2002.00331.x","article-title":"Modulation of ovarian function in female dogs immunized with bovine luteinizing hormone receptor","volume":"37","author":"Saxena","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.06.061","article-title":"Concomitant administration of GonaCon\u2122 and rabies vaccine in female dogs (Canis familiaris) in Mexico","volume":"31","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.03.004","article-title":"Pulsatile plasma profiles of FSH and LH before and during medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment in the bitch","volume":"70","author":"Beijerink","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2021.07.015","article-title":"Long-term effect of repeated deslorelin acetate treatment in bitches for reproduction control","volume":"173","author":"Palm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.04.028","article-title":"Short-term progestin treatments prevent estrous induction by a GnRH agonist implant in anestrous bitches","volume":"65","author":"Corrada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gontier, A., Youala, M., Fontaine, C., Raibon, E., Fournel, S., Briantais, P., and Rigaut, D. (2022). Efficacy and safety of 4.7 mg deslorelin acetate implants in suppressing oestrus cycle in prepubertal female dogs. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12243504"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.10.022","article-title":"Attempts to downregulate ovarian function in the bitch by applying a GnRH agonist implant in combination with a 3\u00df-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase blocker; a pilot study","volume":"145","author":"Jurczak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13038","article-title":"Expression of GnRH receptor in the canine corpus luteum, and luteal function following deslorelin acetate-induced puberty delay","volume":"52","author":"Kaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.12.015","article-title":"Clinical use of deslorelin implants for the long-term contraception in prepubertal bitches: Effects on epiphyseal closure, body development, and time to puberty","volume":"83","author":"Kaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1989.tb00140.x","article-title":"Normal gonadal functions and fertility after 23 months of treatment of prepubertal male and female dogs with the GnRh agonist [D-Trp6, des-Gly-NH210] GnRH ethylamide","volume":"10","author":"LACOSTE","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12272","article-title":"Deslorelin Implants in Pre-pubertal Female Dogs: Short-and Long-Term Effects on the Genital Tract","volume":"49","author":"Marino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of a single application of coumestrol and\/or dimethyl sulfoxide, on sex hormone levels and vaginal cytology of anestrus bitches","volume":"6","author":"Mendieta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. M\u00e9xico"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Administration of Coumestrol and\/or Dimethyl Sulfoxide Affects Vaginal Epithelium and Sex Hormones in Female Dog","volume":"6","author":"Serrano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01441.x","article-title":"Clinical use of deslorelin for the control of reproduction in the bitch","volume":"44","author":"Romagnoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.02.015","article-title":"Treatment with a subcutaneous GnRH agonist containing controlled release device reversibly prevents puberty in bitches","volume":"66","author":"Rubion","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.55.431","article-title":"Prevention of estrus in bitches by subcutaneous implantation of chlormadinone acetate","volume":"55","author":"Sahara","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.54.595","article-title":"Prevention of estrus in the bitch with chlormadinone acetate administered orally","volume":"54","author":"Sawada","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13337","article-title":"Pre-pubertal treatment with a Gn RH agonist in bitches\u2014Effect on the uterus and hormone receptor expression","volume":"53","author":"Kaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.01.020","article-title":"The influence of exogenous progestin on the occurrence of proestrous or estrous signs, plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone and estradiol in deslorelin (GnRH agonist) treated anestrous bitches","volume":"66","author":"Sung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.06.011","article-title":"Effect of a GnRH antagonist on GnRH agonist\u2013implanted anestrous bitches","volume":"72","author":"Valiente","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.08.007","article-title":"Interruption of the canine estrous cycle with a low and a high dose of the GnRH antagonist, acyline","volume":"71","author":"Valiente","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0810175","article-title":"Suppression of luteal function in dogs by luteinizing hormone antiserum and by bromocriptine","volume":"81","author":"Concannon","year":"1987","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.11.041","article-title":"Effects of the 3\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor trilostane on luteal progesterone production in the dog","volume":"75","author":"Wolthers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.07.005","article-title":"In vivo investigations on luteotropic activity of prostaglandins during early diestrus in nonpregnant bitches","volume":"82","author":"Janowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.12.006","article-title":"Formation of the early canine CL and the role of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in regulation of its function: An in vivo approach","volume":"83","author":"Kowalewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0739-7240(96)00093-8","article-title":"In vivo investigation of luteal function in dogs: Effects of cabergoline, a dopamine agonist, and prolactin on progesterone secretion during mid-pregnancy and-diestrus","volume":"14","author":"Onclin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2019.02.001","article-title":"Prostaglandin-mediated effects in early canine corpus luteum: In vivo effects on vascular and immune factors","volume":"19","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.02.009","article-title":"The effects of kisspeptin agonist canine KP-10 and kisspeptin antagonist p271 on plasma LH concentrations during different stages of the estrous cycle and anestrus in the bitch","volume":"86","author":"Rutten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albers-Wolthers, C., De Gier, J., Walen, M., Van Kooten, P., Lambalk, C., Leegwater, P., Roelen, B., Schaefers-Okkens, A., Rutten, V., and Millar, R. (2017). In vitro and in vivo effects of kisspeptin antagonists p234, p271, p354, and p356 on GPR54 activation. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179156"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000364877","article-title":"Identification of a novel kisspeptin with high gonadotrophin stimulatory activity in the dog","volume":"99","author":"Kooistra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1177\/10915818211023459","article-title":"Safety Evaluation of KP-10 (Metastin 45\u201354) Following once Daily Intravenous Administration for 14 Days in Dog","volume":"40","author":"Terse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-017-2490-7","article-title":"Ultrasonographic and histopathologic changes following injection of neutral zinc gluconate in dog\u2019s ovaries","volume":"26","author":"Mogheiseh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajabi, A., Mogheiseh, A., Nazifi, S., Ahrari-Khafi, M., Dehghanian, A., Vesal, N., and Bigham-Sadegh, A. (2023). Effect of direct therapeutic ultrasound exposure of ovaries on histopathology, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress in dogs. BMC Vet. Res., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03657-6"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.11.067","article-title":"A polyanhydride-based implant. Single dose vaccine Platf. long-term immunity","volume":"36","author":"Schaut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.050","article-title":"A single dose polyanhydride-based vaccine platform promotes and maintains anti-GnRH antibody titers","volume":"36","author":"Schaut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-018-0137-9","article-title":"DNA Vaccine Targeting Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor and Its Application in Animal Contraception","volume":"61","author":"Samoylov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandam, N.P., Prakash, D., and Thimmareddy, P. (2021). Immunocontraceptive potential of a GnRH receptor-based fusion recombinant protein. J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-021-00164-9"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.32718\/ujvas3-3.09","article-title":"Non-surgical methods of regulation reproductive function and contraception males of domestic animals","volume":"3","author":"Vasetska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ukr. J. Vet. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666170911160426","article-title":"Immunocontraception: Filamentous Bacteriophage as a Platform for Vaccine Development","volume":"24","author":"Samoylova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19875831","article-title":"Phage constructs targeting gonadotropin-releasing hormone for fertility control: Evaluation in cats","volume":"22","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Feline. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2012.01994.x","article-title":"Long-term-release GnRH agonists postpone puberty in domestic cats","volume":"47","author":"Risso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"255","article-title":"Use of a GnRH analogue implant to produce reversible long-term suppression of reproductive function in male and female domestic dogs","volume":"57","author":"Trigg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2006.08.024","article-title":"New GnRH analogs in canine reproduction","volume":"100","author":"Gobello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"416","article-title":"Long-term prevention of estrus in the bitch and queen using chlormadinone acetate","volume":"44","author":"Tamada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraser, B., Wilkins, A., Whiting, S., Liang, M., Rebourcet, D., Nixon, B., and Aitken, R.J. (2024). Development of peptides for targeting cell ablation agents concurrently to the Sertoli and Leydig cell populations of the testes: An approach to non-surgical sterilization. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292198"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.05.043","article-title":"Postponement of canine puberty by neonatal administration of a long term release GnRH superagonist","volume":"118","author":"Faya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10972","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1834399100","article-title":"Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to loss of function of the KiSS1-derived peptide receptor GPR54","volume":"100","author":"Genin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035322","article-title":"The GPR54 gene as a regulator of puberty","volume":"349","author":"Seminara","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Hern\u00e1ndez, J.M., Martin, G.B., Becerril-P\u00e9rez, C.M., Pro-Mart\u00ednez, A., Cortez-Romero, C., and Gallegos-S\u00e1nchez, J. (2021). Kisspeptin stimulates the pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) during postpartum anestrus in ewes undergoing continuous and restricted suckling. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092656"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2008.05.006","article-title":"Transgenic mouse models to study Gpr54\/kisspeptin physiology","volume":"30","author":"Colledge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34631","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M104847200","article-title":"The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54","volume":"276","author":"Kotani","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2011.01.001","article-title":"Control of GnRH secretion: One step back","volume":"32","author":"Clarke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0803","article-title":"Critical roles of kisspeptins in female puberty and preovulatory gonadotropin surges as revealed by a novel antagonist","volume":"151","author":"Pineda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(21)63670-5","article-title":"Recent advances in immunocastration in sheep and goat and its animal welfare benefits: A review","volume":"21","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1688","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620729114","article-title":"AMH\/MIS as a contraceptive that protects the ovarian reserve during chemotherapy","volume":"114","author":"Kano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"665","article-title":"Simultaneously administration of cabergoline and PMSG reduces the duration of estrus induction in anestrous bitches","volume":"14","author":"Bolghanabadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Forum"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2012.02080.x","article-title":"Targeted gene silencing to induce permanent sterility","volume":"47","author":"Dissen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-017-0234-5","article-title":"Adeno-associated virus (AAV) as a vector for gene therapy","volume":"31","author":"Naso","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Avilez Lopez, E.J., and Cuadra Palacios, J.D. (2020). Comparaci\u00f3n de Dos T\u00e9cnicas Quir\u00fargicas, para Ovariohisterectom\u00eda Felina en Cl\u00ednica Veterinaria Mimos. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Universidad Nacional Agraria]."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15174\/jc.2022.3472","article-title":"T\u00e9cnica de ovariectom\u00eda con m\u00ednima invasi\u00f3n en caninos en M\u00e9xico","volume":"14","author":"Iglesias","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00f3venes Cienc."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Ealo, I.M., Berna, I.L., and Eugenia, M. (2020). Esterilizaci\u00f3n en Hembras de la Especie Canina: Ovariectom\u00eda vs. Ovariohisterectom\u00eda. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Universidad Zaragoza Facultad de Veterinaria]."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.15381\/rivep.v27i2.11663","article-title":"Ovariectom\u00eda en perras: Comparaci\u00f3n entre el abordaje medial o lateral","volume":"27","author":"Masache","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Investig. Vet. Del. Per\u00fa"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Little, S.E. (2011). Female reproduction. Cat, 1195\u20131227.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-0660-4.00040-5"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104217","article-title":"Seasonality in oestrus and litter size in an assistance dog breeding colony in the United Kingdom","volume":"181","author":"Wigham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/10\/1501\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:36:45Z","timestamp":1760031405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/10\/1501"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15101501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15101501","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]}}}