{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T11:56:54Z","timestamp":1770983814603,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Game Management, Ministry of Agriculture","award":["PTE\/119693\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTE\/119693\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Department of Game Management, Ministry of Agriculture","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Institutional Excellence Programme, New National Excellence","award":["PTE\/119693\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTE\/119693\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Institutional Excellence Programme, New National Excellence","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Institutional Excellence Programme, Thematic Excellence Programme 2020 \u201cInstitutional Excellence\u201d sub-programme No. 3 \u201cInnovation for sustainable life and environment\u201d","award":["PTE\/119693\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTE\/119693\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Institutional Excellence Programme, Thematic Excellence Programme 2020 \u201cInstitutional Excellence\u201d sub-programme No. 3 \u201cInnovation for sustainable life and environment\u201d","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian National Laboratory Project","award":["PTE\/119693\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTE\/119693\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian National Laboratory Project","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"]}]},{"name":"HUN-REN Excellence Programme, BRC Institute of Biochemistry","award":["PTE\/119693\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTE\/119693\/2020"]}]},{"name":"HUN-REN Excellence Programme, BRC Institute of Biochemistry","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For centuries, the most prevalent antler abnormalities observed worldwide have been attributed to trauma. However, detailed pathological investigation of these cases has not yet been carried out. In free-living fallow deer (Dama dama), we identified a chronic osteomyelitis-like condition\u2014Pedunculitis Chronica Deformans (PCD)\u2014using pathological and radiological diagnostics. We propose that inflammation during post-casting wound healing and consequent scar formation can trigger the development of PCD. In this study, we characterize the pathomorphology of PCD and introduce a scoring system to describe its severity. Furthermore, we describe the histoanatomy of the junction between the pedicle and the surrounding skin\u2014an area essential for the integrity of the integument\u2014which, when compromised, may predispose cervids to PCD. Our findings suggest that the most common antler abnormality results from a pathological fracture associated with PCD, which can be further complicated by fatal meningoencephalitis and brain abscesses. PCD-related lesions, while less frequently observed, can also be identified in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus), with species-specific differences. These findings overlap with cases reported in other cervid species, suggesting a more general disorder of antler formation. Describing this condition provides a basis for assessing its epidemiology and understanding its relevance to wildlife health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15111530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T09:58:09Z","timestamp":1747994289000},"page":"1530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["When Antlers Grow Abnormally: A Hidden Disease Behind Common Cervid Trophy Deformities, Introducing Pedunculitis Chronica Deformans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Farkas","family":"S\u00fck\u00f6sd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"Lakatos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regional Game Management, Ministry of Agriculture, 1052 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Godollo, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6603-5005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1d\u00e1m","family":"\u00dcrm\u00f6s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Integrity and DNA Repair Core Group, Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM), 6728 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8240-7469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00e9ka","family":"Karkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncotherapy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1kos","family":"S\u00fck\u00f6sd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Pal\u00e1nki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gyulaj Forestry & Hunting Plc., 7090 Tamasi, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Arany T\u00f3th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5992-4844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00e1roly","family":"Erd\u00e9lyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mih\u00e1ly","family":"Mis\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guth Forestry, NY\u00cdRERD\u0150 Forestry Co., 4400 Nyiregyhaza, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"G\u0151b\u00f6l\u00f6s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gyulaj Forestry & Hunting Plc., 7090 Tamasi, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2790-1741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katalin","family":"Posta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Godollo, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ferenc","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regional Game Management, Ministry of Agriculture, 1052 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Szilam\u00e9r","family":"Ferenczi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Godollo, Hungary"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gy\u0151z\u0151","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7834-7619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Szemethy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9302-1115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsuzsanna","family":"Sz\u0151ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Godollo, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goss, R.J. (1983). Deer Antlers: Regeneration, Function, and Evolution, Academic Press. Available online: http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com:5070\/book\/9780122930805\/deer-antlers.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-293080-5.50012-9"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.07.021","article-title":"Do drastic weather effects on diet influence changes in chemical composition, mechanical properties and structure in deer antlers?","volume":"47","author":"Currey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, September 12). \u2018One in a Million\u2019 Three-Antler Deer Spotted in US-BBC News. Available online: https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-us-canada-50440102."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02318641","article-title":"\u00dcber Geweihentwickelung und Geweihbildung","volume":"10","year":"1900","journal-title":"Arch. F\u00fcr Entwicklungsmechanik Org."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2307\/1376120","article-title":"Antler Anomalies of Mule Deer","volume":"40","author":"Robinette","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1894\/0038-4909(2003)048<0147:AAAPOR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Abnormal Antlers and Pedicles on Rocky Mountain Elk in Northern Arizona","volume":"48","author":"Rachlow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Southwest. Nat."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.353","article-title":"Trauma-induced malformed antler development in male white-tailed deer","volume":"37","author":"Karns","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wildl. Soc. Bull."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"114","article-title":"Antler Breakage Patterns in White-tailed Deer","volume":"66","author":"Karns","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Southeast. Assoc. Fish Wildl. Agencies"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12091","article-title":"The structure of pedicle and hard antler bone in the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): A light microscope and backscattered electron imaging study","volume":"223","author":"Kierdorf","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/231469a0","article-title":"Antlers\u2014The Unbrittle Bones of Contention","volume":"231","author":"Henshaw","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.032292","article-title":"The mechanical properties of red deer antler bone when used in fighting","volume":"212","author":"Currey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1660\/062.122.0313","article-title":"Extreme Antler Malformation in a Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in Northcentral Kansas","volume":"122","author":"Kaufman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Farag\u00f3, S., K\u00f6ller, J., and Zolt\u00e1n, A. (2009). Term\u00e9szeti-vad\u00e1szati \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9g\u00fcnk. A Legkiv\u00e1l\u00f3bb Vad\u00e1sztr\u00f3fe\u00e1k, Nimr\u00f3d Vad\u00e1sz\u00fajs\u00e1g."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2023, October 03). Nimr\u00f3d-Mi Lesz Veled, L\u00e1bodi D\u00e1m?-Napjaink D\u00e1mgazd\u00e1lkod\u00e1si Probl\u00e9m\u00e1i a SEFAG Zrt. Ter\u00fclet\u00e9n-Nimr\u00f3d-What Will Happen to You, the Fallow Deer of Labod?-The Problems of Fallow Deer Management in the Area of SEFAG LTD. Available online: https:\/\/nimrod.hu\/hirek\/milesz."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"161","article-title":"Purulent inflammation of the basis of antler in fallow deer (Dama dama) caused by Staphylococcus xylosus","volume":"133","author":"Janosi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magy. Allatorvosok Lapja"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-37.4.661","article-title":"Intracranial abscessation in white-tailed deer of North America","volume":"37","author":"Baumann","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-05-129","article-title":"Epizootiology of Cranial Abscess Disease in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) of Georgia, USA","volume":"51","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timmons, J., Shaub, M., Scherer, L., Gereg, I., Maxwell, L., Potts, L., Stevens, M., Vile, M., Miller, E.A., and Niedringhaus, K.D. (2025). Pathologic Findings of Cranial Abscesses Involving the Pituitary Gland in Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Pennsylvania. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15030409"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-45.1.196","article-title":"Intracranial Abscessation as a Natural Mortality Factor for Adult Male White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Kent County, Maryland, USA","volume":"45","author":"Karns","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Hudson, R.J., Drew, K.R., and Baskin, L.M. (2010). Wildlife Production Systems: Economic Utilisation of Wild Ungulates, Cambridge University Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2025, May 06). Behaviour and Management of European Ungulates: Professor Marco Apollonio and Professor Rory Putman: 978-184995-122-7-Whittles Publishing. Available online: https:\/\/www.whittlespublishing.com\/Behaviour_and_Management_of_European_Ungulates."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2025, May 10). National Game Management Database. Available online: http:\/\/www.ova.info.hu\/index-en.html."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"R Core Team (2023). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer International Publishing. Use R!.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Kassambara, A. (2025, February 05). ggpubr: \u201cggplot2\u201d Based Publication Ready Plots; R Package Version 0.6.0; 2023. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/ggpubr\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Pedersen, T.L., and RStudio (2025, February 05). ggraph: An Implementation of Grammar of Graphics for Graphs and Networks; R Package Version 2.2.1; 2024. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/ggraph\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Kolde, R. (2025, February 05). pheatmap: Pretty Heatmaps; R Package Version 1.0.12; 2019. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/pheatmap\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"347","article-title":"Pathological fracture of a red deer antler secondary to purulent inflammation\u2014A case report","volume":"83","author":"Kierdorf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Arh."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-26.4.460","article-title":"Epidemiologic features of an intracranial abscessation\/suppurative meningoencephalitis complex in white-tailed deer","volume":"26","author":"Davidson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000088564.81746.62","article-title":"A clinical staging system for adult osteomyelitis","volume":"414","author":"Cierny","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"Doc08","article-title":"Histopathological Osteomyelitis Evaluation Score (HOES)\u2014An innovative approach to histopathological diagnostics and scoring of osteomyelitis","volume":"3","author":"Tiemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"GMS Interdiscip. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. DGPW"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2024, June 02). Shed Antlers: Different Pedicle Types|Every Spring Deer Shed Their Antlers and Many Avid Sportsmen Take to the Woods to Find Sheds. Here We Take an In-Depth Look at the Different Shapes of...|By MSU Deer LabFacebook|Facebook. Available online: https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/msu.deerlab\/videos\/shed-antlers-different-pedicle-types\/188785065871222\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bubenik, G.A., and Bubenik, A.B. (1990). Epigenetical, Morphological, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Evolution of Horns, Pronghorns, and Antlers. Horns, Pronghorns, and Antlers: Evolution, Morphology, Physiology, and Social Significance, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-8966-8"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.10082","article-title":"Histological studies of bone formation during pedicle restoration and early antler regeneration in roe deer and fallow deer","volume":"273","author":"Kierdorf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. Part A Discov. Mol. Cell. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2174\/157488809789057446","article-title":"Adult stem cells and mammalian epimorphic regeneration-insights from studying annual renewal of deer antlers","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2019.06.007","article-title":"Diagnosing Osteomyelitis: A Histology Guide for Pathologists","volume":"59","author":"Sybenga","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2451","article-title":"Residual antler periosteum holds the potential to partially regenerate lost antler tissue","volume":"335","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. Part A Ecol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10273","article-title":"Morphological observation of antler regeneration in red deer (Cervus elaphus)","volume":"262","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2025, January 08). Agriculture and Natural Resources Marketing. Deer Ecology & Management Lab. Available online: https:\/\/www.msudeer.msstate.edu\/."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1159\/000300565","article-title":"Deer antlers\u2014A model of mammalian appendage regeneration: An extensive review","volume":"57","author":"Kierdorf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(98)00183-4","article-title":"Physiology and healing dynamics of chronic cutaneous wounds","volume":"176","author":"Stadelmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2025, May 18). Jonathan Sherratt\u2019s Research: Scar Formation. Available online: https:\/\/www.macs.hw.ac.uk\/~jas\/researchinterests\/scartissueformation.html."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0536","article-title":"A mathematical model of wound healing and subsequent scarring","volume":"7","author":"Cumming","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20148","article-title":"Histological examination of antler regeneration in red deer (Cervus elaphus)","volume":"282A","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. Part A Discov. Mol. Cell. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.115046","article-title":"Antlers-Evolution, development, structure, composition, and biomechanics of an outstanding type of bone","volume":"128","author":"Kierdorf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newman, B.A., and D\u2019Angelo, G.J. (2024). A Review of Cervidae Visual Ecology. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14030420"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Sz\u00e9chenyi, Z. (2025, January 03). A Szarvas Selejtez\u00e9se (Selective Culling of Red Deer). R\u00e9gi Vad\u00e1szk\u00f6nyvek. Available online: https:\/\/www.vadaszkonyv.com\/szechenyi-zsigmond-a-szarvas-selejtezese\/."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2024, July 01). Pathology Outlines-Osteomyelitis Overview. Available online: https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/mandiblemaxillaosteomyelitis.html."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"S117","article-title":"Roe and red deer antlers as bioindicators of pollution of deer","volume":"76","author":"Kierdorf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Arh."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56069","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14538-6","article-title":"Lead concentrations in antlers of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from an agricultural area in Northern Germany over a 119-year period\u2014A historical biomonitoring study","volume":"28","author":"Ludolphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakatos, I., Babarczi, B., Moln\u00e1r, Z., T\u00f3th, A., Skoda, G., Horv\u00e1th, G.F., Horv\u00e1th, A., T\u00f3th, D., S\u00fck\u00f6sd, F., and Szemethy, L. (2024). First Results on the Presence of Mycotoxins in the Liver of Pregnant Fallow Deer (Dama dama) Hinds and Fetuses. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202401.1868.v1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2005.00141.x","article-title":"Structure of periodontal tissues in health and disease","volume":"40","author":"Nanci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)83926-4","article-title":"Bone Formation and the Osteoblast","volume":"212","author":"Harris","year":"1928","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1076\/ejom.41.1.23.28106","article-title":"Tissue collection methods for antler research","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.a.352","article-title":"Antler regeneration: A dependent process of stem tissue primed via interaction with its enveloping skin","volume":"307","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. Part A Ecol. Genet. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/11\/1530\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:39:11Z","timestamp":1760031551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/11\/1530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15111530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15111530","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]}}}