{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T04:24:59Z","timestamp":1783225499097,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003566","name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NFQS2025002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NFQS2025002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a major pathogen in Paralichthys olivaceus (olive flounder) aquaculture, necessitating effective vaccines and evaluation methods. This study assessed immune responses following intraperitoneal administration of an inactivated VHSV vaccine and identified surrogate markers of vaccine efficacy. Fish were sampled weekly over 8 weeks. Antigen-specific antibody titers were measured by ELISA, and the expression of seven immune-related genes (CD4, CD8, CD28, IgM, Mx, IFN, and IL-1\u03b2) was analyzed in the spleen, kidney, liver, and gill by qPCR. The vaccinated group showed 84% relative survival, while unvaccinated fish experienced 100% mortality. Antibody titers peaked at 4 weeks post-vaccination, aligning with elevated IgM expression in the spleen and kidney. CD4 (kidney) and CD28 (spleen) expression strongly correlated with antibody titers (r = 0.854 and 0.796, respectively), whereas IL-1\u03b2, IFN, and Mx showed moderate associations in specific tissues. These findings indicate that CD4, CD28, and IgM may serve as molecular indicators of humoral immune responses specifically following inactivated VHSV vaccination in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Combining gene expression profiling with antibody analysis offers a non-lethal, practical approach to evaluating vaccine efficacy in aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15121728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T11:18:40Z","timestamp":1749640720000},"page":"1728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Unlocking Immune Signatures: Surrogate Markers for Assessing VHSV Vaccine Efficacy in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ji-Min","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service (NFQS), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mun-Gyeong","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service (NFQS), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan-Il","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tordo, N., Benmansour, A., Calisher, C.H., Dietzgen, R.G., Fang, R.X., Jackson, A.O., Kurath, G., Leong, J.C., Nadin-Davis, S., and Tesh, R.B. 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