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Over 35 days, 120 New Zealand rabbits were assigned to four treatments: (i) 12% corn (C100), (ii) 6% corn + 6% fermented straw (FS50), (iii) 12% fermented straw (FS100), and (iv) 6% corn + 6% dry straw (DS50). Fermented straw enhanced the rabbits\u2019 average daily feed intake (ADI) and average daily gain (ADG) and elevated cecal cellulase activity. It also downregulated TLR4 in the jejunum mucosa, upregulated MUC2 in the ileum mucosa, strengthened the intestinal barrier, and reduced the diarrhea index and incidence in weaned rabbits. Specific microbial families influenced amino acid and phospholipid concentrations, altering the cecal metabolic environment. In summary, replacing corn with fermented corn straw in rabbit diets significantly boosts ADG and ADI, potentially lowers the feed-to-gain ratio, and enhances cecal microbiota and metabolite profiles without compromising growth performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15121737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T07:44:23Z","timestamp":1749714263000},"page":"1737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Effects of Pretreated and Fermented Corn Stalks on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestion, Intestinal Structure and Function, and Immune Function in New Zealand Rabbits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xuying","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaohao","family":"Dun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqi","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8339-2104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2972-9677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunxiang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, G., Wang, Y., Li, S., Yi, Y., Li, C., and Shin, C. 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