{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T15:23:21Z","timestamp":1783956201890,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005908","name":"Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["28N421MB01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28N421MB01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005908","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005908","name":"Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["28N421MB00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28N421MB00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005908","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005908","name":"Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["28N421MB02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28N421MB02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005908","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005908","name":"Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["28N421MB01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28N421MB01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005908","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005908","name":"Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["28N421MB00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28N421MB00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005908","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005908","name":"Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["28N421MB02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28N421MB02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005908","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005908","name":"Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["28N421MB01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28N421MB01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005908","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005908","name":"Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["28N421MB00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28N421MB00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005908","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005908","name":"Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["28N421MB02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28N421MB02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005908","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to systematically review the literature of the last 24 years to determine the influence of dam heat stress, nutrition, body condition, vaccination, parity, and twin pregnancy on calf morbidity and mortality. The systematic search was carried out using PubMed, CAB Abstracts, and Web of Science databases. The final number of included studies was 11 for heat stress, 21 for nutrition, 11 for body condition, 11 for vaccination, 23 for parity, and 18 for twin pregnancy. The body condition score, parity, and twin pregnancy had an influence on perinatal mortality. Vaccination, parity, and twin pregnancy had an influence on mortality up to weaning. Heat stress, nutrition, and twin pregnancy had an influence on the immunoglobulin transfer to the calves. Nutrition, body condition score, vaccination, and parity had an influence on morbidity. This systematic review provides evidence that prenatal factors have an influence on calf morbidity and mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15121772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T14:03:11Z","timestamp":1750082591000},"page":"1772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prenatal Factors Influencing Calf Morbidity and Mortality in Dairy Cattle: A Systematic Review of the Literature (2000\u20132024)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4666-9209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Trzebiatowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Clinic for Reproductive Medicine and Neonatology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederike","family":"Wehrle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZAFT e.V., Centre for Applied Research and Technology, HTW Dresden\u2014University of Applied Sciences, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2695-8316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Freick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5376-0116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karsten","family":"Donat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Clinic for Reproductive Medicine and Neonatology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Thuringian Animal Disease Fund (Institution by Law, Animal Health Service, Th\u00fcringer Tierseuchenkasse Ad\u00f6R), 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Wehrend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Clinic for Reproductive Medicine and Neonatology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(01)00311-6","article-title":"Effects of bovine respiratory disease on the productivity of dairy heifers quantified by experts","volume":"75","author":"Saatkamp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3633","article-title":"Associations between several aspects of heifer development and dairy cow survivability to second lactation","volume":"94","author":"Bach","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13305","article-title":"Early life events associated with first lactation reproductive performance in southwest Victorian pasture-based dairy herds","volume":"102","author":"Chuck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.02.006","article-title":"Calf mortality as a welfare indicator on British cattle farms","volume":"176","author":"Pritchard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17595","article-title":"Short communication: Describing mortality and euthanasia practices on Canadian dairy farms","volume":"103","author":"Roche","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7483","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-24829","article-title":"Invited review: An evaluation of EFSA opinion on calf welfare from a nutritional and management perspective","volume":"107","author":"Quigley","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5853","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22900","article-title":"Invited review: The effect of milk feeding practices on dairy calf behavior, health, and performance-A systematic review","volume":"106","author":"Welk","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14369","article-title":"Invited review: Bovine neonatal morbidity and mortality-Causes, risk factors, incidences, sequelae and prevention","volume":"58","author":"Mee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.105356","article-title":"Estimation of perinatal mortality in dairy calves: A review","volume":"252","author":"Cuttance","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zablotski, Y., Voigt, K., Hoedemaker, M., M\u00fcller, K.E., Kellermann, L., Arndt, H., Volkmann, M., Dachrodt, L., and Stock, A. (2024). Perinatal mortality in German dairy cattle: Unveiling the importance of cow-level risk factors and their interactions using a multifaceted modelling approach. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302004"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11302","article-title":"Invited review: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of mortality and culling in dairy cattle","volume":"100","author":"Compton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.07.014","article-title":"An observational study on passive immunity in Irish suckler beef and dairy calves: Tests for failure of passive transfer of immunity and associations with health and performance","volume":"159","author":"Todd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, K.F., Chancellor, N., and Wathes, D.C. (2021). A Cohort Study Risk Factor Analysis for Endemic Disease in Pre-Weaned Dairy Heifer Calves. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020378"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.07.005","article-title":"Colostrum Management for Dairy Calves","volume":"35","author":"Godden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3376","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0104","article-title":"Structural growth, rumen development, and metabolic and immune responses of Holstein male calves fed milk through step-down and conventional methods","volume":"90","author":"Khan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2004.11.014","article-title":"Herd-level risk factors for infectious diseases in Swedish dairy calves aged 0\u201390 days","volume":"68","author":"Lundborg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.21423\/bovine-vol52no1p26-33","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of on-arrival vaccination and deworming on stocker cattle health and growth performance","volume":"52","author":"Griffin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bov. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2410-1310","article-title":"Beziehungen zwischen perinataler Mortalit\u00e4t und Management von K\u00fchen vor und zur Kalbung in gro\u00dfen Milchviehherden","volume":"52","author":"Keller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tierarztl. Prax. Ausg. G. Grosstiere. Nutztiere."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viidu, D.-A., and M\u00f5tus, K. (2022). Implementation of a pre-calving vaccination programme against rotavirus, coronavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F5) and association with dairy calf survival. BMC Vet. Res., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03154-2"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"130","article-title":"Influence of animal, herd and management factors on perinatal mortality in dairy cattle\u2014A survey in Thuringia, Germany","volume":"123","author":"Hoedemaker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)71614-4","article-title":"An observational analysis of twin births, calf sex ratio, and calf mortality in Holstein dairy cattle","volume":"90","author":"Stewart","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8443","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11072","article-title":"In utero heat stress decreases calf survival and performance through the first lactation","volume":"99","author":"Monteiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2022-0281","article-title":"Impacts of dairy cow nutrition precalving on calf health","volume":"4","author":"Mee","year":"2023","journal-title":"JDS Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2006\/0130","article-title":"World Map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification updated","volume":"15","author":"Kottek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meteorol. Z."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-024-02761-y","article-title":"Heat stress effect on fertility of two imported dairy cattle breeds from different Algerian agro-ecological areas","volume":"68","author":"Ferag","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"FAO, IDF, and IFCN (2014). World Mapping of Animal Feeding Systems in the Dairy Sector, FAO."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zigo, F., Vasil\u2019, M., Ondra\u0161ovi\u010dov\u00e1, S., V\u00fdrostkov\u00e1, J., Bujok, J., and Pecka-Kielb, E. (2021). Maintaining Optimal Mammary Gland Health and Prevention of Mastitis. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.607311"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skz291","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz291","article-title":"The effects of improved performance in the U.S. dairy cattle industry on environmental impacts between 2007 and 2017","volume":"98","author":"Capper","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Dohoo, I.R., Martin, S.W., and Stryhn, H. (2014). Veterinary Epidemiologic Research, VER, Inc."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"85","article-title":"Study of perinatal mortality and dystocia in dairy cows in Fars Province, Southern Iran","volume":"2","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1230","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1230","article-title":"PRISMA2020: An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis","volume":"18","author":"Haddaway","year":"2022","journal-title":"Campbell Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-018-1514-6","article-title":"Influence of different seasons during late gestation on Holstein cows\u2019 colostrum and postnatal adaptive capability of their calves","volume":"62","author":"Kirovski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2020-0069","article-title":"Effect of late-gestation heat stress in nulliparous heifers on postnatal growth, passive transfer of immunoglobulin G, and thermoregulation of their calves","volume":"2","author":"Davidson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JDS Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.33988\/auvfd.1346189","article-title":"Evaluation of colostrum quality and passive transfer immunity in terms of heat stress and disease incidence in Holstein cattle in Central Anatolia","volume":"71","author":"Kara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ankara Univ. Vet. Fak."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-024-03900-8","article-title":"Climatic and calf-related risk factors associated with failure of transfer of passive immunity in Holstein calves in a hot environment","volume":"56","author":"Mellado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6426","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7891","article-title":"Effect of heat stress during late gestation on immune function and growth performance of calves: Isolation of altered colostral and calf factors","volume":"97","author":"Monteiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11993","article-title":"In utero exposure to heat stress during late gestation has prolonged effects on the activity patterns and growth of dairy calves","volume":"100","author":"Laporta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7659","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12619","article-title":"Effects of feeding an immunomodulatory supplement to heat-stressed or actively cooled cows during late gestation on postnatal immunity, health, and growth of calves","volume":"100","author":"Skibiel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4822","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17926","article-title":"Pre- and postnatal heat stress abatement affects dairy calf thermoregulation and performance","volume":"103","author":"Field","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, C., Liang, Y., Guo, J., Wang, M., Li, M., Zhang, H., Arbab, A.A.I., Karrow, N.A., Yang, Z., and Mao, Y. (2022). Effects of Seasonal Heat Stress during Late Gestation on Growth Performance, Metabolic and Immuno-Endocrine Parameters of Calves. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12060716"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6795","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21804","article-title":"Direct genetic effects, maternal genetic effects, and maternal genetic sensitivity on prenatal heat stress for calf diseases and corresponding genomic loci in German Holsteins","volume":"105","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5762","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15825","article-title":"Increases in extreme heat stress in domesticated livestock species during the twenty-first century","volume":"27","author":"Thornton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00524-4","article-title":"Probabilistic projections of increased heat stress driven by climate change","volume":"3","author":"Zeppetello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2022.106723","article-title":"Developmental programming: Prenatal and postnatal consequences of hyperthermia in dairy cows and calves","volume":"80","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giannone, C., Bovo, M., Ceccarelli, M., Torreggiani, D., and Tassinari, P. (2023). Review of the Heat Stress-Induced Responses in Dairy Cattle. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202310.0474.v1"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, I., Mesalam, A., Heo, Y.S., Lee, S.-H., Nabi, G., and Kong, I.-K. (2023). Heat Stress as a Barrier to Successful Reproduction and Potential Alleviation Strategies in Cattle. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13142359"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4616","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-24215","article-title":"Quantification of the effect of in utero events on lifetime resilience in dairy cows","volume":"107","author":"Lewis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.03.011","article-title":"Late gestation heat stress in dairy cows: Effects on dam and daughter","volume":"150","author":"Ouellet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cartwright, S.L., Schmied, J., Karrow, N., and Mallard, B.A. (2023). Impact of heat stress on dairy cattle and selection strategies for thermotolerance: A review. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1198697"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-024-10101-z","article-title":"Climate resilience in goats: A comprehensive review of the genetic basis for adaptation to varied climatic conditions","volume":"36","author":"Parsad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-023-02601-5","article-title":"Effects of parity, seasonal heat stress, and colostrum collection time postpartum on colostrum quality of Holstein cattle in an arid region","volume":"68","author":"Mellado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-024-10597-5","article-title":"The interrelationship between macrominerals and heat stress in ruminants: Current perspectives and future directions\u2014A review","volume":"49","author":"Samara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8814","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19553","article-title":"Effect of \u03b2-carotene supplementation to prepartum Holstein cows on colostrum quality and calf performance","volume":"104","author":"Aragona","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8839","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22210","article-title":"Effects of prepartum supplementation of \u03b2-carotene on colostrum and calves","volume":"105","author":"Prom","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17058","article-title":"Supplementation of nicotinic acid to prepartum Holstein cows increases colostral immunoglobulin G, excretion of urinary purine derivatives, and feed efficiency in calves","volume":"103","author":"Aragona","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8976","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17991","article-title":"Effects of prepartum zinc-methionine supplementation on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation patterns, immunity status, and passive transfer of immunity in dairy cows","volume":"103","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1279-0","article-title":"Supplementation of Cr Methionine During Dry Period of Dairy Cows and Its Effect on Some Production and Biochemical Parameters During Early Lactation and on Immunity of Their Offspring","volume":"186","author":"Gultepe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alharthi, A.S., Batistel, F., Abdelmegeid, M.K., Lascano, G., Parys, C., Helmbrecht, A., Trevisi, E., and Loor, J.J. (2018). Maternal supply of methionine during late-pregnancy enhances rate of Holstein calf development in utero and postnatal growth to a greater extent than colostrum source. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-018-0298-1"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Elsaadawy, S.A., Wu, Z., and Bu, D.P. (2021). Maternal Supply of Ruminally-Protected Lysine and Methionine During Close-Up Period Enhances Immunity and Growth Rate of Neonatal Calves. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.780731"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20545","article-title":"Feeding rumen-protected lysine to dairy cows prepartum improves performance and health of their calves","volume":"105","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8723","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-23266","article-title":"The effect of maternal supply of rumen-protected protein to Holstein Friesian cows during the dry period on the transfer of passive immunity and colostral microbial composition","volume":"106","author":"Goossens","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., Wang, C., Guan, R., Shi, K., Wei, Z., Liu, J., and Liu, H. (2019). Effects of Dietary Rumen-Protected Betaine Supplementation on Performance of Postpartum Dairy Cows and Immunity of Newborn Calves. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9040167"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9896","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21689","article-title":"Effects of maternal choline supplementation on performance and immunity of progeny from birth to weaning","volume":"105","author":"Zenobi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114519002174","article-title":"Effect of supplementation fat during the last 3 weeks of uterine life and the preweaning period on performance, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, passive immunity and health of the newborn calf","volume":"122","author":"Jolazadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7086","article-title":"Effect of supplementing fat to pregnant nonlactating cows on colostral fatty acid profile and passive immunity of the newborn calf","volume":"97","author":"Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5045","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7473","article-title":"Effect of supplementing essential fatty acids to pregnant nonlactating Holstein cows and their preweaned calves on calf performance, immune response, and health","volume":"97","author":"Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2013.12.024","article-title":"Feeding conjugated linoleic acids and various concentrate proportions to late pregnant cows and its consequence on blood metabolites of calves","volume":"161","author":"Petzold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1cs, L., Pajor, F., Bakony, M., F\u00e9bel, H., and Edwards, J.E. (2023). Prepartum Magnesium Butyrate Supplementation of Dairy Cows Improves Colostrum Yield, Calving Ease, Fertility, Early Lactation Performance and Neonatal Vitality. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13081319"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4379","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7481","article-title":"Effect of supranutritional maternal and colostral selenium supplementation on passive absorption of immunoglobulin G in selenium-replete dairy calves","volume":"97","author":"Hall","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8746","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20483","article-title":"Effects of maternal level of dietary cation-anion difference fed to prepartum nulliparous cows on offspring acid-base balance, metabolism, and growth","volume":"104","author":"Zimpel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9835","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13200","article-title":"Effects of the level and duration of maternal diets with negative dietary cation-anion differences prepartum on calf growth, immunity, and mineral and energy metabolism","volume":"100","author":"Collazos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajaeerad, A., Ghorbani, G.R., Khorvash, M., Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi, A., Mahdavi, A.H., Rashidi, S., Wilkens, M.R., and H\u00fcnerberg, M. (2020). Impact of a Ration Negative in Dietary Cation-Anion Difference and Varying Calcium Supply Fed before Calving on Colostrum Quality of the Dams and Health Status and Growth Performance of the Calves. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091465"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"365","article-title":"Analysis of critical periods in the feeding of pregnant Holstein cows and their influence on calf performance. Technical note","volume":"37","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cuban J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caixeta, L.S., and Omontese, B.O. (2021). Monitoring and Improving the Metabolic Health of Dairy Cows during the Transition Period. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020352"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skac319","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac319","article-title":"A review of the effect of nutrient and energy restriction during late gestation on beef cattle offspring growth and development","volume":"101","author":"Waldon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez, D., Muralidharan, O., Neves, P.A., and Bhutta, Z.A. (2024). Associations of Maternal Nutritional Status and Supplementation with Fetal, Newborn, and Infant Outcomes in Low-Income and Middle-Income Settings: An Overview of Reviews. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213725"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"CD004905","article-title":"Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"Keats","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, Y., Zeng, Y., Wu, Y., Zhang, Q., and Xiao, X. (2024). Maternal methyl donor supplementation: A potential therapy for metabolic disorder in offspring. J. Nutr. Biochem., 124.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2023.109533"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5665","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0348","article-title":"Selenium addition to colostrum increases immunoglobulin G absorption by newborn calves","volume":"90","author":"Kamada","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa237","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa237","article-title":"Colostrum composition and immunoglobulin G content in dairy and dual-purpose cattle breeds","volume":"98","author":"Kessler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"79","article-title":"Correlations between muscle tone and acid-base balance in newborn calves: Experimental substantiation of a simple new score system proposed for neonatal status diagnosis","volume":"30","author":"Szenci","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Acad. Sci. Hung."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thornburg, K.L., and Valent, A.M. (2024). Maternal Malnutrition and Elevated Disease Risk in Offspring. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162614"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"51","article-title":"Role of acid-base physiology on the pathogenesis of parturient hypocalcaemia (milk fever)\u2014The DCAD theory in principal and practice","volume":"97","author":"Goff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4201","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0023","article-title":"Body condition score and body weight effects on dystocia and stillbirths and consequent effects on postcalving performance","volume":"90","author":"Berry","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.3390\/ani3030866","article-title":"Pre-Calving and Calving Management Practices in Dairy Herds with a History of High or Low Bovine Perinatal Mortality","volume":"3","author":"Mee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahrami-Yekdangi, M., Ghorbani, G.R., Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi, A., Mahnani, A., Drackley, J.K., and Ghaffari, M.H. (2022). Identification of cow-level risk factors and associations of selected blood macro-minerals at parturition with dystocia and stillbirth in Holstein dairy cows. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09928-w"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.10.011","article-title":"Risk factors for perinatal mortality in dairy cattle: Cow and foetal factors, calving process","volume":"71","author":"Gundelach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13276","article-title":"Prediction of stillbirth in Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle by measuring metabolic and endocrine parameters during the peripartal period","volume":"53","author":"Szenci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11782","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18629","article-title":"Association of prepartum lying time with nonesterified fatty acids and stillbirth in prepartum dairy heifers and cows","volume":"103","author":"Menichetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"29","article-title":"Factors affecting colostrum quality and calf passive transfer levels in Holstein cattle","volume":"37","author":"Duru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. Pap. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Immler, M., B\u00fcttner, K., G\u00e4rtner, T., Wehrend, A., and Donat, K. (2022). Maternal Impact on Serum Immunoglobulin and Total Protein Concentration in Dairy Calves. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12060755"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13471","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13471","article-title":"Relation between non-infectious factors and neonatal calf health status in dairy herd","volume":"91","author":"Kara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meier, K.K., Stock, A., Merle, R., Arndt, H., Dachrodt, L., Hoedemaker, M., Kellermann, L., Knubben-Schweizer, G., Volkmann, M., and M\u00fcller, K.-E. (2024). Risk factors for omphalitis in neonatal dairy calves. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1480851"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(89)79081-0","article-title":"A Body Condition Scoring Chart for Holstein Dairy Cows","volume":"72","author":"Edmonson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5769","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2431","article-title":"Invited review: Body condition score and its association with dairy cow productivity, health, and welfare","volume":"92","author":"Roche","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72413-4","article-title":"Within- and across-person uniformity of body condition scoring in Danish Holstein cattle","volume":"89","author":"Kristensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2007.10.003","article-title":"Disease management of dairy calves and heifers","volume":"24","author":"McGuirk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0438","article-title":"Negative influence of high maternal milk production before and after conception on offspring survival and milk production in dairy cattle","volume":"91","author":"Berry","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105344","article-title":"Evaluation of the association between the introduction of data-driven tools to support calf rearing and reduced calf mortality in dairy herds in the Netherlands","volume":"191","author":"Nijhoving","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.11.007","article-title":"Evaluation of a protocol to reduce the incidence of neonatal calf diarrhoea on dairy herds","volume":"118","author":"Meganck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7320","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15463","article-title":"Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) cause-specific and overall mortality in preweaned calves on California dairies: The BRD 10K study","volume":"102","author":"Dubrovsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.05.003","article-title":"Calf-level risk factors for neonatal diarrhea and shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum in Ontario dairy calves","volume":"82","author":"Leslie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.01.010","article-title":"Risk factors for neonatal calf diarrhoea and enteropathogen shedding in New Zealand dairy farms","volume":"203","author":"Grinberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7288","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14773","article-title":"Management factors associated with bovine respiratory disease in preweaned calves on California dairies: The BRD 100 study","volume":"102","author":"Maier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7306","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14774","article-title":"Epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in preweaned calves on California dairies: The BRD 10K study","volume":"102","author":"Dubrovsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-23649","article-title":"Effects of supplementing colostrum beyond the first day of life on growth and health parameters of preweaning Holstein heifers","volume":"107","author":"McCarthy","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1027\/1618-3169\/a000627","article-title":"The Role of Goal Source in Escalation of Commitment","volume":"71","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.11.034","article-title":"Non-specific effects of veterinary vaccines: A systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Arega","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skac212","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac212","article-title":"Impact of prepartum administration of a vaccine against infectious calf diarrhea on nonspecific colostral immunoglobulin concentrations of dairy cows","volume":"100","author":"Chambers","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020002267","article-title":"Efficacy of halofuginone products to prevent or treat cryptosporidiosis in bovine calves: A systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"148","author":"Brainard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2023.106032","article-title":"A systematic review of the relationship between housing environmental factors and bovine respiratory disease in preweaned calves\u2014Part 2: Temperature, relative humidity and bedding","volume":"300\u2013302","author":"Donlon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2023.106031","article-title":"A systematic review of the relationship between housing environmental factors and bovine respiratory disease in preweaned calves\u2014Part 1: Ammonia, air microbial count, particulate matter and endotoxins","volume":"300\u2013302","author":"Donlon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4198","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1079","article-title":"An observational analysis of twin births, calf stillbirth, calf sex ratio, and abortion in Iranian holsteins","volume":"91","author":"Kohram","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-295","article-title":"Impacts of dystocia on health and survival of dairy calves","volume":"90","author":"Lombard","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731108001699","article-title":"Prevalence of, and risk factors associated with, perinatal calf mortality in pasture-based Holstein-Friesian cows","volume":"2","author":"Mee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1017\/S175173110900456X","article-title":"Mortality in Holstein-Friesian calves and replacement heifers, in relation to body weight and IGF-I concentration, on 19 farms in England","volume":"3","author":"Brickell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1807","article-title":"Calf mortality in Norwegian dairy herds","volume":"92","author":"Gulliksen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.03.012","article-title":"Risk factors for stillbirths and mortality during the first 24h of life on dairy farms in Hokkaido, Japan 2005-2009","volume":"127","author":"Kayano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jukna, V., Me\u0161kinyt\u0117, E., Antanatis, R., Paulauskas, A., and Juozaitien\u0117, V. (2024). Determining the Association of the Dry Period Duration with Dystocia and Stillbirths in Dairy Cows by Considering Parity, Season, and Gestation Length. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14101444"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)75159-9","article-title":"Interactions among factors affecting stillbirths in Holstein cattle in the United States","volume":"83","author":"Meyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"24","article-title":"Factors affecting stillbirth and effects of stillbirth on subsequent lactation performance in a Holstein dairy herd in Isfahan","volume":"12","author":"Atashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"645","article-title":"Investigate the effects of non-genetic factors on calving difficulty and stillbirth rate in Holstein Friesian cattle using the CHAID analysis","volume":"21","author":"Bayram","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kafkas Uni. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"256","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of twin births on the perinatal calf mortality and productive performance of Holstein dairy cows","volume":"53","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archiv Tierzucht"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.12.007","article-title":"Factors affecting calf mortality in Iranian Holstein dairy herds","volume":"104","author":"Azizzadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102852","article-title":"Identification and quantification of factors affecting neonatal immunological transfer in dairy calves in the UK","volume":"176","author":"MacFarlane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(03)00106-5","article-title":"Dam-related effects on heart girth at birth, morbidity and growth rate from birth to 90 days of age in Swedish dairy calves","volume":"60","author":"Lundborg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2009.01.001","article-title":"Clinical trial on type of calving pen and the risk of disease in Holstein calves during the first 90 d of life","volume":"89","author":"Pithua","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20637","article-title":"Effects of transport age and calf and maternal characteristics on health and performance of veal calves","volume":"105","author":"Marcato","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.12.032","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for dystocia in dairy cattle: A review","volume":"176","author":"Mee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.08.004","article-title":"Influence of modifiable risk factors on the incidence of stillbirth\/perinatal mortality in dairy cattle","volume":"199","author":"Mee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2008.01123.x","article-title":"Factors affecting dystocia in cattle","volume":"44","author":"Zaborski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73400-1","article-title":"Impact of age at calving on lactation, reproduction, health, and income in first-parity Holsteins on commercial farms","volume":"87","author":"Ettema","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skx072","article-title":"Risk factors associated with animal mortality in pasture-based, seasonal-calving dairy and beef herds","volume":"96","author":"Ring","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.11118\/actaun201967010163","article-title":"Prevalence of Failure of Passive Transfer of Immunity in Dairy Calves in the Czech Republic","volume":"67","author":"Fleischer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendel. Brun."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szel\u00e9nyi, Z., Szenci, O., Kov\u00e1cs, L., and Garcia-Ispierto, I. (2021). Practical Aspects of Twin Pregnancy Diagnosis in Cattle. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041061"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.06.010","article-title":"Ovulation failure and double ovulation in dairy cattle: Risk factors and effects","volume":"63","author":"Fenech","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"Sargeant, J.M., Amezcua, M.D.R., Rajic, A., and Waddell, L. (2005). A Guide to Conducting Systematic Reviews in Agri-Food Public Health, Public Health Agency of Canada."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Tetzlaff, J., Tricco, A.C., Sampson, M., and Altman, D.G. (2007). Epidemiology and reporting characteristics of systematic reviews. PLoS Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040078"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/ani15202948","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000}}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/12\/1772\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T06:50:33Z","timestamp":1760511033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/12\/1772"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"references-count":139,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15121772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15121772","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3390\/ani15202948","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]}}}