{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T22:00:15Z","timestamp":1769724015023,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Programs of China","award":["2022YFD1300503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1300503"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Programs of China","award":["2021YFD1300401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1300401"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Programs of China","award":["CARS-35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-35"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Programs of China","award":["2025TS-3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025TS-3-1"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Programs of China","award":["2022YFD1300503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1300503"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Programs of China","award":["2021YFD1300401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1300401"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Programs of China","award":["CARS-35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-35"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Programs of China","award":["2025TS-3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025TS-3-1"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["2022YFD1300503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1300503"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["2021YFD1300401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1300401"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["CARS-35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-35"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["2025TS-3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025TS-3-1"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Rural Revitalization Strategy of Guangdong","award":["2022YFD1300503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1300503"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Rural Revitalization Strategy of Guangdong","award":["2021YFD1300401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1300401"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Rural Revitalization Strategy of Guangdong","award":["CARS-35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-35"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Rural Revitalization Strategy of Guangdong","award":["2025TS-3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025TS-3-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary ISF:SF ratio on reproductive performance, biochemical parameters, colostrum composition, and fecal microbial composition in gestating sows. A total of 30 multiparous sows were randomly allocated to three dietary treatment groups: 8% inulin diet (ISF:SF 1.14, Inulin group), 8% cotton fiber diet (ISF:SF 6.61, Cotton group), and 4% inulin + 4% cotton fiber diet (ISF:SF 2.37, Inulin + Cotton group). The results showed that, compared to the other groups, the Inulin group had a significantly higher number of piglets born alive, as well as increased plasma concentrations of acetic acid, butyric acid, hexanoic acid, and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (p &lt; 0.05). Sows in the Inulin group had significantly lower fecal scores than those in the other groups from days 81 to 85 and from days 106 to 110 of gestation (p &lt; 0.05). On day 90 of gestation, the serum levels of albumin, urea, uric acid, calcium, and phosphorus in the Inulin group were significantly lower than those in the other groups (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, the serum levels of triacylglycerol in the Inulin + Cotton Fiber group were significantly higher than those in the other groups (p &lt; 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in serum concentrations of total protein, creatinine, glucose, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, or LDL-cholesterol among the treatments (p &gt; 0.05). On day 110 of gestation, the serum content of urea, uric acid, calcium, and phosphorus in the Inulin group was significantly lower than those in the other groups (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the plasma levels of uric acid, triacylglycerol, and HDL-cholesterol in the Inulin + Cotton Fiber group were significantly higher than those in the Cotton Fiber group (p &lt; 0.05), while the creatinine levels in the Inulin group were higher than those in the other groups (p &lt; 0.05). No differences were observed in the composition and immune performance of colostrum (p &gt; 0.05). Microbial sequencing analysis showed that dietary inulin supplementation to increase the proportion of soluble fiber significantly decreased the abundance of Firmicutes, Clostridia, Clostridiales, Lachnospiraceae, Streptococcaceae, and Streptococcus (p &lt; 0.05). The abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing microorganisms\u2014Bacteroidetes, Bacteroidia, Bacteroidales, and Muribaculaceae\u2014was significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05). The results indicated that inulin supplementation decreased the dietary ISF:SF ratio, significantly alleviated constipation in sows, increased the number of piglets born alive, regulated intestinal microecology, and increased the plasma concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetic, propionic, and butyric acids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15131850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T07:42:34Z","timestamp":1750664554000},"page":"1850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Dietary Ratio of Insoluble Fiber to Soluble Fiber on Reproductive Performance, Biochemical Parameters, and Fecal Microbial Composition of Gestating Sows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1595-7468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolu","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiwen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaiguo","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuefen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8535-3443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zongyong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13287","article-title":"Effects of purified fibre-mixture supplementation of gestation diet on gut microbiota, immunity and reproductive performance of sows","volume":"104","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1071\/RD12329","article-title":"Oocyte maturation and embryo survival in nulliparous female pigs (gilts) is improved by feeding a lupin-based high-fibre diet","volume":"25","author":"Weaver","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2009.00099.x","article-title":"Soluble dietary fiber","volume":"9","author":"Chawla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.06.044","article-title":"Composition, properties and health benefits of indigestible carbohydrate polymers as dietary fiber: A review","volume":"61","author":"Mudgil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-121493","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids Inhibit Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Mesangial Cells Induced by High Glucose and Lipopolysaccharide","volume":"125","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0376","article-title":"Effect of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber on embryo survival and sow performance","volume":"86","author":"Johnston","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.11.003","article-title":"Effects of different amounts of konjac flour inclusion in gestation diets on physio-chemical properties of diets, postprandial satiety in pregnant sows, lactation feed intake of sows and piglet performance","volume":"152","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Ma, L., Zhang, L., Liu, N., Li, Z., Zhang, F., Liu, X., and Ma, X. (2021). Dietary inulin regulated gut microbiota and improved neonatal health in a pregnant sow model. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.716723"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Zheng, J., He, J., Liu, H., Huang, Y., Huang, L., Wang, K., Zhao, X., Feng, B., and Che, L. (2023). Dietary fiber during gestation improves lactational feed intake of sows by modulating gut microbiota. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-023-00870-z"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5430","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2017.2110","article-title":"Dietary supplement rich in fiber fed to late gestating sows during transition reduces rate of stillborn piglets","volume":"95","author":"Feyera","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa303","article-title":"Effects of dietary soluble or insoluble fiber intake in late gestation on litter performance, milk composition, immune function, and redox status of sows around parturition","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"National Research Council (NRC) (2012). Nutrient Requirements of Swine, The National Academies Press. [11th Revised ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"AOAC Official Method 2001 (2005). 11, 978.10, 991.43. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, AOAC INTERNATIONAL. [18th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Liu, Z., Lyu, H., Gu, X., Song, Z., He, X., and Fan, Z. (2020). Effects of dietary inulin during late gestation on sow physiology, farrowing duration and piglet performance. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 219.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2020.106531"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhang, L., Liu, H., Yang, Y., He, J., Cao, M., Yang, M., Zhong, W., Lin, Y., and Zhuo, Y. (2019). Effects of the ratio of insoluble fiber to soluble fiber in gestation diets on sow performance and offspring intestinal development. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9070422"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117003019","article-title":"Effects of soluble fiber inclusion in gestation diets with varying fermentation characteristics on lactational feed intake of sows over two successive parities","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2017.08.007","article-title":"Beneficial effects of dietary soluble fiber supplementation in replacement gilts: Pubertal onset and subsequent performance","volume":"186","author":"Zhuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800010134","article-title":"Dietary fibre for sows: Effects of large amounts of soluble and insoluble fibres in the pregnancy period on the performance of sows during three reproductive cycles","volume":"67","author":"Vestergaard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.7.1978","article-title":"The ratio of insoluble to soluble fiber components in soybean hulls affects ileal and total-tract nutrient digestibilities and fecal characteristics of dogs","volume":"131","author":"Burkhalter","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2008.07.007","article-title":"Feeding sows with high fibre diet around farrowing and early lactation: Impact on intestinal activity, energy balance related parameters and litter performance","volume":"86","author":"Oliviero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Lu, T., Han, L., Zhao, L., Niu, Y., and Chen, H. (2017). L-Glutamine Supplementation Alleviates Constipation during Late Gestation of Mini Sows by Modifying the Microbiota Composition in Feces. BioMed Res. Int., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4862861"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0984-3","article-title":"Prevalence of constipation and its influence on post-parturient disorders in tropical sows","volume":"48","author":"Pearodwong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0396.2003.00423.x","article-title":"Effects of different feeding and housing conditions on dry matter content and consistency of faeces in sows","volume":"87","author":"Tabeling","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2015.10.013","article-title":"Effects of supplementing sow diets during two gestations with konjac flour and Saccharomyces boulardii on constipation in peripartal period, lactation feed intake and piglet performance","volume":"210","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9216","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO00865F","article-title":"Effects of inulin and isomalto-oligosaccharide on diphenoxylate-induced constipation, gastrointestinal motility-related hormones, short-chain fatty acids, and the intestinal flora in rats","volume":"11","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G900","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00265.2013","article-title":"Gut-derived short-chain fatty acids are vividly assimilated into host carbohydrates and lipids","volume":"305","author":"Lange","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5899","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01374-16","article-title":"Inclusion of konjac flour in the gestation diet changes the gut microbiota, alleviates oxidative stress, and improves insulin sensitivity in sows","volume":"82","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moturi, J., Hosseindoust, A., Tajudeen, H., Mun, J.Y., Ha, S.H., and Kim, J.S. (2020). Influence of dietary fiber intake and soluble to insoluble fiber ratio on reproductive performance of sows during late gestation under hot climatic conditions. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23811-8"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Liu, H., Zhang, L., Yang, Y., Lin, Y., Zhuo, Y., Fang, Z.F., Che, L.Q., Feng, B., and Xu, S.Y. (2019). Maternal dietary fiber composition during gestation induces changes in offspring antioxidative capacity, inflammatory response, and gut microbiota in a sow model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010031"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2009.05.011","article-title":"Nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and fecal microbiota are influenced by chitooligosaccharide supplementation of growing pigs","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00573-3","article-title":"Impact of sugar beet pulp and wheat bran on serum biochemical profile, inflammatory responses and gut microbiota in sows during late gestation and lactation","volume":"12","author":"Shang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.2527\/2002.80123247x","article-title":"Effects of dietary protein and fermentable fiber on nitrogen excretion patterns and plasma urea in grower pigs","volume":"80","author":"Zervas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1988.6661570x","article-title":"Growth, nutrient utilization and intestinal morphology of pigs fed high-fiber diets","volume":"66","author":"Moore","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.05.005","article-title":"Effects of different ratios of soluble to insoluble dietary fiber on growth performance and intestinal health of piglets","volume":"18","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Chen, D., Tian, G., Zheng, P., Mao, X., Yu, J., He, J., Huang, Z., Luo, Y., and Luo, J. (2020). Effects of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal microbe and barrier function in weaning piglet. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol., 260.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2019.114335"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.08.008","article-title":"Placental defence is considered sufficient to control lipid peroxidation in pregnancy","volume":"64","author":"Mueller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-0942-y","article-title":"Effect of dietary arginine supplementation on reproductive performance of mice with porcine circovirus type 2 infection","volume":"42","author":"Ren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Song, F., Duan, L.-R., Sheng, J.-J., Xie, Y.-H., Yang, Q., Chen, Y., Dong, Q.-Q., Zhang, B.-L., and Wang, S.-W. (2016). Paeonol and danshensu combination attenuates apoptosis in myocardial infarcted rats by inhibiting oxidative stress: Roles of Nrf2\/HO-1 and PI3K\/Akt pathway. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23693"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12707","article-title":"Effects of inulin supplementation in low-or high-fat diets on reproductive performance of sows and antioxidant defence capacity in sows and offspring","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Cheng, L., Jin, Z., Zhao, R., Ren, K., Deng, C., and Yu, S. (2015). Resveratrol attenuates inflammation and oxidative stress induced by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: Role of Nrf2\/ARE pathway. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med., 8."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3060637","article-title":"Gut microbiota and inflammation","volume":"3","author":"Hakansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasaki, D., Sasaki, K., and Kondo, A. (2020). Glycosidic linkage structures influence dietary fiber ferment ability and propionate production by human colonic microbiota in vitro. Biotechnol. J., 15.","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201900523"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-311935","article-title":"Stool frequency is associated with gut microbiota composition","volume":"66","author":"Hadizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsatsaronis, J.A., Walker, M.J., Sanderson-Smith, M.L., and Chitnis, C.E. (2014). Host responses to group a streptococcus: Cell death and inflammation. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004266"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/13\/1850\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:56:57Z","timestamp":1760032617000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/13\/1850"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15131850"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15131850","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]}}}