{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:20:23Z","timestamp":1787840423247,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003827","name":"Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003827","name":"Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Recovery Fund budget estimate","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}]},{"name":"National Recovery Fund budget estimate","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global concern in poultry production, where antibiotic use can disrupt gut microbiota and enrich antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Objectives: This study aimed to assess the in vivo effects of a veterinary-approved amoxicillin formulation on gut microbiome composition and ARG profiles in broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 120 Ross-308 broiler chickens were randomly allocated into 12 experimental groups (n = 10 per group), with three replicates per treatment. Birds received either full-dose (1\u00d7), a subtherapeutic quarter-dose (\u00bc\u00d7) of amoxicillin, a placebo (starch), or no treatment. Cloacal swabs were collected on days 0, 14, and 28 for shotgun metagenomic sequencing. One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate treatment effects on body weight, with significant differences observed from day 14 onward (p &lt; 0.0001). Results: The \u00bc\u00d7 dose caused a more pronounced microbiome shift than the 1\u00d7 dose, with a marked reduction in Pseudomonadota and increase in Bacillota and Bacteroidota. ARG abundance declined in the \u00bc\u00d7 group (from 1386 to 1012). While TEM-type ESBL genes were ubiquitous, CTX-M-1 emerged only after \u00bc\u00d7 treatment. Worryingly, 20 types of vancomycin resistance genes were detected across all samples. Plasmid-borne ARGs and mobile genetic elements decreased in the \u00bc\u00d7 group. Conclusions: Even subtherapeutic antibiotic exposure significantly reshapes the gut microbiota composition and ARG landscape, highlighting the need for refined risk assessments and microbiome-conscious antimicrobial policies in poultry farming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15131944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T09:29:01Z","timestamp":1751362141000},"page":"1944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Amoxicillin Resistance: An In Vivo Study on the Effects of an Approved Formulation on Antibiotic Resistance in Broiler Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7837-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1d\u00e1m","family":"Kerek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1bel","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3380-0827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1kos","family":"Jerzsele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-11","article-title":"Food Animals and Antimicrobials: Impacts on Human Health","volume":"24","author":"Marshall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. 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