{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:28:57Z","timestamp":1760059737106,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1939486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1939486"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reports findings on the social patterning of dog bite injuries in Scotland and discusses their implications for prevention policies. Previous studies have shown evidence of social inequalities in dog bites in other countries, but this analysis provides new evidence about Scotland. Three sources of health record data are used (NHS 24 (telephone) records, accident and emergency department records, and hospital admissions records). The records span the period of 2007\u20132019 and combine information on 59,111 health records involving injuries caused by dogs (from 48,599 different individuals). The results are presented, summarising the volume of dog bite injuries across time periods by the age of respondents, the location of the incident, and the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation categorisation for their locality. The results suggest consistent patterns of social inequality in injuries caused by dogs. We argue that the most important finding concerns the higher risk for people from more deprived areas, and we discuss mechanisms that might lie behind the patterns and how policies might respond to them. Existing policies focus on the breed of dog and punitive strategies, but we argue that different approaches are more likely to be effective in addressing a socially stratified public health issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15131971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T11:20:11Z","timestamp":1751628011000},"page":"1971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Social Inequalities in Dog Bites and Strikes in Scotland: Evidence from Administrative Health Records and Implications for Prevention Policy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0660-8194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jade","family":"Hooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Science, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2516-7734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Buchanan-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1962-5874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3045-4172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Science, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.12.049","article-title":"Epidemiology of dog bite and strike related hospital admissions in Scotland, 1997 to 2022","volume":"239","author":"Taylor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.05.010","article-title":"Welsh hospital admissions due to dog bites and strikes (2014\u20132022)","volume":"233","author":"Oxley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tulloch, J.S.P., Owczarczak-Garstecka, S., Fleming, K.M., Vivancos, R., and Westgarth, C. (2021). English hospital episode data analysis (1998\u20132018) reveal that the rise in dog bite hospital admissions is driven by adult cases. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81527-7"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000922","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2020-000922","article-title":"Review of psychological effects of dog bites in children","volume":"8","author":"Westgarth","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr. Open"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"PAPSC (2019). Post-Legislative Scrutiny: Control of Dogs (Scotland) Act 2010, Public Audit and Post-legislative Scrutiny Committee."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Marmot, M., Allen, J., Goldblatt, P., Boyce, T., McNeish, D., Grady, M., and Geddes, I. (2010). Fair Society, Healthy Lives: Strategic Review of Health Inequalities in England Post-2010, World Health Organisation."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Zambon, F., and Loring, B. (2014). Injuries and Inequities, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Laflamme, L., Burrows, S., and Hasselberg, M. (2009). Socioeconomic Differences in Injury Risks: A Review of Findings and a Discussion of Potential Countermeasures, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sleet, D.A. (2018). The Global Challenge of Child Injury Prevention. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15091921"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819687","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/819687","article-title":"20 Years of Research on Socioeconomic Inequality and Children\u2019s\u2014Unintentional Injuries Understanding the Cause-Specific Evidence at Hand","volume":"2010","author":"Laflamme","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2021-044477","article-title":"Systematic review of dog bite prevention strategies","volume":"28","author":"Lissaman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2020-000726","article-title":"Pet dog bites in children: Management and prevention","volume":"4","author":"Jakeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr. Open"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Peden, M., Oyegbite, K., Ozanne-Smith, J., Hyder, A.A., Branche, C., Rahman, A.F., Rivara, F., and Bartolomeos, K. (2008). World Report on Child Injury Prevention, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"HSCIC (2015). Provisional Monthly Topic of Interest: Admissions Caused by Dogs and Other Mammals."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"HSCIC (2014). Provisional Monthly Topic of Interest: Admissions Caused by Dogs and Other Mammals."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Humphreys, C., Price, L., Heatman, B., and Ruggiero, B. (2014). Child Death Review Programme: Rapid Review of Deaths of Children from Dog Bites or Strikes, Public Health Wales."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.11.0494","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiologic features of persons accessing emergency departments for dog and cat bite injuries in California (2005\u20132019)","volume":"261","author":"Campagna","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"111","article-title":"Epidemiology of dog-related injuries within New Zealand","volume":"135","author":"Moaveni","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2021.9.52235","article-title":"Surgical treatment of pediatric dog-bite wounds: A 5-year retrospective review","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"West. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-020-00281-y","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of dog bite injuries in the United States, 2005\u20132018","volume":"7","author":"Tuckel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inj. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"8","article-title":"The incidence and risk factors of dog bite injuries requiring hospitalisation in New Zealand","volume":"132","author":"Mair","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/07352166.2017.1355666","article-title":"Environmental correlates of urban dog bites: A spatial analysis","volume":"40","author":"Vertalka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Urban Aff."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"2846","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between socioeconomic status and dog-bite injuries through spatial analysis","volume":"14","author":"Raghavan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rural. Remote Health"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Adams, A., Sutton, J.P., Elixhauser, A., and NBSP (2012). Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations Associated with Animal Injuries, 2009, U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"15","article-title":"An epidemiological study on dog bite and its management in Bellary, Karnataka","volume":"44","author":"Hemagiri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Commun. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2011.11.003","article-title":"Morsures de chien \u00e0 la face chez l\u2019enfant: \u00c9tude r\u00e9trospective de 77 cas","volume":"57","author":"Hersant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Chir. Plast. Esth\u00e9tique"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"43","article-title":"Hospital-treated dog bites in Minnesota, 1998\u20132005","volume":"90","author":"Day","year":"2007","journal-title":"Minn. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6155.2000.tb00090.x","article-title":"Dog Bites in Children Treated in a Pediatric Emergency Department","volume":"5","author":"Bernardo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Spec. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, M., Lai, E.T.C., Pearce, A., Orton, E., Kendrick, D., Wickham, S., and Taylor-Robinson, D. (2019). Understanding pathways to social inequalities in childhood unintentional injuries: Findings from the UK millennium cohort study. BMC Pediatr., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1514-7"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Mills, D.S., and Westgarth, C. (2017). Dog bites from a public health perspective. Dog Bites: A Multidisciplinary Perspective, 5m Publishing."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10611-011-9293-6","article-title":"Then they came for the dogs!","volume":"55","author":"Hallsworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crime Law Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Nurse, A., Guest, C., and Miles, L. (2021). An Investigation of Measures to Reduce Dog Attacks and Promote Responsible Ownership Amongst Dog Owners with Dog Control Issues in the UK-AW1410, Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Dahlgren, G., and Whitehead, M. (1991). Policies and strategies to promote social equity in health. Background Document to WHO-Strategy Paper for Europe, Institute for Futures Studies."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1080\/08927936.2021.1926713","article-title":"Description and Determinants of At-Risk Interactions for Human Health Between Children and Dogs in an Inuit Village","volume":"34","author":"Gouin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anthrozoos"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2018.09.002","article-title":"What is a dog bite? Perceptions of UK dog bite victims","volume":"29","author":"Oxley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Scottish, G. (2022). Scotland\u2019s Health and Demographic Profile, Scottish Government."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"WHO (2024, August 01). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/standards\/classifications\/classification-of-diseases."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"NRS (2025, May 31). Population Estimates Time Series Data, Available online: https:\/\/www.nrscotland.gov.uk\/publications\/population-estimates-time-series-data\/."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"NRS (2022, December 29). Population Estimates by Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD), Available online: https:\/\/www.nrscotland.gov.uk\/publications\/population-estimates-by-scottish-index-of-multiple-deprivation-simd\/."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2023, May 28). SpatialData.gov.scot. Local Authority Areas-Scotland, Available online: https:\/\/www.spatialdata.gov.scot\/geonetwork\/srv\/eng\/catalog.search#\/metadata\/1cd57ea6-8d6e-412b-a9dd-d1c89a80ad62."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"PHS (2024, August 05). Accident and Emergency: Metadata. Available online: https:\/\/publichealthscotland.scot\/our-areas-of-work\/acute-and-emergency-services\/urgent-and-unscheduled-care\/accident-and-emergency\/#section-6-3."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Scottish, G. (2024, August 05). Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2016: Introductory Booklet, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-index-multiple-deprivation-2016\/pages\/7\/."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"P887","article-title":"Trends in in-hospital admissions due to dog bites in Ireland from 2012\u20132021","volume":"116","author":"Ryan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ir. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meints, K., Brelsford, V., and De Keuster, T. (2018). Teaching Children and Parents to Understand Dog Signaling. Front. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00257"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"The trouble with a cuddle: Families\u2019 experiences of supervising interactions between children in middle childhood and the family dog","volume":"2023","author":"Baatz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Anim. Interact."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alberghina, D., Virga, A., Sottile, G., Buffa, S.P., and Panzera, M. (2023). A 10-year retrospective analysis (2012\u20132021) of hospitalizations resulting from dog bites in Southern Italy. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1104477"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12630","article-title":"The incidence of public sector hospitalisations due to dog bites in Australia 2001\u20132013","volume":"41","author":"Rajshekar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Constantino, C., Da Silva, E.C., Dos Santos, D.M., Paploski, I.A.D., Lopes, M.O., Morikawa, V.M., and Biondo, A.W. (2023). One Health Approach on Dog Bites: Demographic and Associated Socioeconomic Factors in Southern Brazil. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8040189"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2014.09.051","article-title":"Morbidity of pediatric dog bites: A case series at a level one pediatric trauma center","volume":"50","author":"Garvey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2015.02.022","article-title":"Dog bites and maxillofacial surgery: What can we do?","volume":"53","author":"Mannion","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/cem.2018.2","article-title":"Dog bites in the emergency department: A descriptive analysis","volume":"21","author":"Morzycki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"237","article-title":"Incidence of dog bites in Milwaukee, wis","volume":"95","author":"Ndon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Wis. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2017.10.005","article-title":"Contexts and consequences of dog bite incidents","volume":"23","author":"Oxley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.4.542","article-title":"Canine and human factors related to dog bite injuries","volume":"232","author":"Shuler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.14484","article-title":"Dog bite injuries in a tertiary care children\u2019s hospital: A seven-year review","volume":"63","author":"Zangari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00146385","article-title":"Epidemiologic surveys of dog and cat bites in the Lyon area, France","volume":"8","author":"Chomel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.04.024","article-title":"Epidemiology of dog bites: A Belgian experience of canine behaviour and public health concerns","volume":"172","author":"Lamoureux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(96)83411-5","article-title":"Does the dangerous dogs act protect against animal attacks: A prospective study of mammalian bites in the accident and emergency department","volume":"27","author":"Klaassen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E01360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01360","article-title":"The demographics of dog bites in the United States","volume":"5","author":"Loder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2010.029868","article-title":"Behavioural characteristics associated with dog bites to children presenting to an urban trauma centre","volume":"17","author":"Reisner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.021","article-title":"Human behavior preceding dog bites to the face","volume":"206","author":"Rezac","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Thomson, J. (2016). SIMD: Rural Deprivation. Evidence Summary, National Records Scotland."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100117","article-title":"Social inequalities and hospital admission for unintentional injury in young children in Scotland: A nationwide linked cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Henery","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000005201","article-title":"Epidemiology, Socioeconomic Analysis, and Specialist Involvement in Dog Bite Wounds in Adults","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Craniofacial Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.09.013","article-title":"An Epidemiological Analysis of Pediatric Dog Bite Injuries Over a Decade","volume":"246","author":"Cook","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0180","article-title":"Spatial Inequality Hides the Burden of Dog Bites and the Risk of Dog-Mediated Human Rabies","volume":"103","author":"Levy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-021-00349-3","article-title":"Pediatric patients with dog bites presenting to US children\u2019s hospitals","volume":"8","author":"Ramgopal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inj. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"262","article-title":"The ecology of dog bite injury in St. Louis, Missouri","volume":"90","author":"Beck","year":"1975","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2022-044686","article-title":"Study of dog control strategies","volume":"29","author":"Hunt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westgarth, C., Boddy, L.M., Stratton, G., German, A.J., Gaskell, R.M., Coyne, K.P., Bundred, P., McCune, S., and Dawson, S. (2013). Pet ownership, dog types and attachment to pets in 9\u201310 year old children in Liverpool, UK. BMC Vet. Res., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-102"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2008.01790.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis of determinants for pet ownership in 12 European birth cohorts on asthma and allergies: A GA2LEN initiative","volume":"63","author":"Eller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy Eur. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.b4712","article-title":"Number and ownership profiles of cats and dogs in the UK","volume":"166","author":"Murray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/08927936.2016.1228756","article-title":"Sociodemographics of Pet Ownership among Adolescents in Great Britain: Findings from the HBSC Study in England, Scotland, and Wales","volume":"29","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anthrozoos"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purewal, R., Christley, R., Kordas, K., Joinson, C., Meints, K., Gee, N., and Westgarth, C. (2019). Socio-demographic factors associated with pet ownership amongst adolescents from a UK birth cohort. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2063-x"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saunders, J., Parast, L., Babey, S.H., and Miles, J.V. (2017). Exploring the differences between pet and non-pet owners: Implications for human-animal interaction research and policy. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179494"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westgarth, C., Pinchbeck, G.L., Bradshaw, J.W.S., Dawson, S., Gaskell, R.M., and Christley, R. (2007). Factors associated with dog ownership and contact with dogs in a UK community. BMC Vet. Res., 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-3-5"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Mills, D.S., and Westgarth, C. (2017). Risk Factors for Dog Bites-An Epidemiological Perspective. Dog Bites: A Multidisciplinary Perspective, 5m Publishing."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soh.2023.100007","article-title":"Incidence of dog bite injuries and its associated factors in Punjab province of Pakistan","volume":"1","author":"Alfahad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. One Health"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2019.11.002","article-title":"Dog-Bite Injuries to the Craniofacial Region: An Epidemiologic and Pattern-of-Injury Review at a Level 1 Trauma Center","volume":"78","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2016.06.007","article-title":"Attitudes of caregivers to supervision of child\u2013family dog interactions in children up to 6 years\u2014An exploratory study","volume":"14","author":"Arhant","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsx044","article-title":"The Role of Proximal Maternal Supervision in Children\u2019s Risk for Injury in a Low-Income Sample","volume":"42","author":"Damashek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E39","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxz145","article-title":"Childhood unintentional injury: The impact of family income, education level, occupation status, and other measures of socioeconomic status. A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Mahboob","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1076\/icsp.11.1.17.26310","article-title":"The role of supervision in child injury risk: Definition, conceptual and measurement issues","volume":"11","author":"Saluja","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inj. Control. Saf. Promot."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, K.E., Bambra, C., and Hill, S.E. (2015). Beyond \u2018health\u2019: Why don\u2019t we tackle the cause of health inequalities?. Health Inequalities: Critical Perspectives, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198703358.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12719","article-title":"Ouch! A cross-sectional study investigating self-reported human exposure to dog bites in rural and urban households in southern Ontario, Canada","volume":"67","author":"Julien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"The Scottish Parliament (2024). Meeting of the Parliament: Session 6, Thursday 9 May 2024."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"The Scottish Parliament (2024). Meeting of the Parliament: Session 6, Thursday 18 January 2024."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"The Scottish Parliament (2024, August 01). PE2083: Review the Rules to Ensure That no Dog Becomes more Dangerous as a Result of Breed Specific Regulations Annexe A: Summary of Petition. Available online: https:\/\/www.parliament.scot\/get-involved\/petitions\/view-petitions\/pe2083-review-the-rules-to-ensure-that-no-dog-becomes-more-dangerous-as-a-result-of-breed."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Pearce, A. (2011). Will Policies in the Early Years Reduce Inequalities in Health? A Synthesis to Inform Policy, University College London."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302055","article-title":"Addressing population health and health inequalities: The role of fundamental causes","volume":"104","author":"Tracy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Laflamme, L., Sethi, D., Burrows, S., Hasselberg, M., Racioppi, F., and Franklin, A. (2009). Addressing the Socioeconomic Safety Divide: Policy Briefing, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0317-047r","article-title":"Exploring the social determinants of animal health","volume":"45","author":"Card","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1080\/13604813.2021.1981026","article-title":"Governing cities as more-than-human entities: From the population of databases to the legibility of urban populations","volume":"25","author":"Mouton","year":"2021","journal-title":"City"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"39","article-title":"Dogs and People in Aboriginal Communities: Exploring the Relationship within the Context of the Social Determinants of Health","volume":"6","author":"Senior","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owczarczak-Garstecka, S., Watkins, F., Christley, R., and Westgarth, C. (2018). Online videos indicate human and dog behaviour preceding dog bites and the context in which bites occur. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25671-7"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"779","article-title":"Systematic Review: Interventions to Educate Children About Dog Safety and Prevent Pediatric Dog-Bite Injuries: A Meta-Analytic Review","volume":"42","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oxley, J.A., Meyer, G., Butcher, M., Bellantuono, G., Levers, A., and Westgarth, C. (2024). Veterinary students\u2019 proximity to and interpretation of a simulated \u201caggressive\u201d dog before and after training. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53551-w"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"145","article-title":"Animal control measures and their relationship to the reported incidence of dog bites in urban Canadian municipalities","volume":"54","author":"Clarke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(01)00153-8","article-title":"Demographic and aggressive characteristics of dogs in a general veterinary caseload","volume":"74","author":"Guy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2019.05.034","article-title":"Dog bite safety at work: An injury prevention perspective on reported occupational dog bites in the UK","volume":"118","author":"Christley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000487","article-title":"Why \u201caccidents\u201d are not accidental: Using psychological science to understand and prevent unintentional child injuries","volume":"74","author":"Schwebel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"411","article-title":"Advances in the epidemiology of injuries as a basis for public policy","volume":"95","author":"Haddon","year":"1980","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"3262","article-title":"Patient-centred access to health care: Conceptualising access at the interface of health systems and populations","volume":"12","author":"Levesque","year":"2013","journal-title":"Berichte Der Dtsch. Chem. Ges."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.03.029","article-title":"Understanding the multitude of barriers that prevent smokers in lower socioeconomic groups from accessing smoking cessation support: A literature review","volume":"123","author":"Landais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-209330","article-title":"How many people have been bitten by dogs? A cross-sectional survey of prevalence, incidence and factors associated with dog bites in a UK community","volume":"72","author":"Westgarth","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"PHS (2024, June 15). PHS FOI 2023-001712. Available online: https:\/\/publichealthscotland.scot\/contact-us\/freedom-of-information-foi-and-environmental-information-regulation-eir-requests\/freedom-of-information-request-log\/phs-foi-2023-001712\/."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2017-206914","article-title":"Emergency department diagnostic codes: Useful data?","volume":"34","author":"Dickson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garde, E., Mar\u00edn-Vial, P., P\u00e9rez, G.E., and Sandvig, E.M. (2022). A Review and Analysis of the National Dog Population Management Program in Chile. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030228"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oxley, J.A., Santa, K., Meyer, G., and Westgarth, C. (2022). A Systematic Scoping Review of Human-Dog Interactions in Virtual and Augmented Reality: The Use of Virtual Dog Models and Immersive Equipment. Front. Virtual Real., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.782023"},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"(2025, June 19). The Blue Dog. Available online: https:\/\/bluedog.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk\/."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oxley, J.A., Meyer, G., Cant, I., Bellantuono, G.M., Butcher, M., Levers, A., and Westgarth, C. (2022). A pilot study investigating human behaviour towards DAVE (Dog Assisted Virtual Environment) and interpretation of non-reactive and aggressive behaviours during a virtual reality exploration task. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274329"},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"(2024, August 07). is.DCN.scot-The Scottish Dog Control Database. Available online: https:\/\/www.improvementservice.org.uk\/products-and-services\/digital-public-services\/dcn.scot-the-scottish-dog-control-database."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/13\/1971\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:04:31Z","timestamp":1760033071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/13\/1971"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15131971"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15131971","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]}}}