{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T06:56:45Z","timestamp":1789801005962,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland","award":["165\/23\/B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["165\/23\/B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to analyse the effect of selected variation factors on the ejaculate characteristics of boars and to characterise changes in ejaculate characteristics in Landrace, Large White, Duroc, and Pietrain boars during their use for artificial insemination. The original value of this work lies in the estimation of the percentage share of individual components of variability in shaping the traits of boar ejaculate. A total of 943 ejaculates collected from 77 boars used for artificial insemination were analysed. This study began when the boars were at 8\u20139 months old. Ejaculates were collected in nine consecutive months from the start of the boars\u2019 use. Immediately after collection, they were analysed for ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, percentage of sperm with progressive motility, total number of spermatozoa, and number of insemination doses per ejaculate. The results were analysed according to three criteria: breed of boar (Landrace, Large White, Duroc, and Pietrain), age of boar (up to 10 months, 11\u201313 months, 14\u201317 months, and more than 17 months), and season (spring, summer, autumn, and winter). The analysis of the variation in ejaculate characteristics took into account the share of each factor (boar breed, boar age, and season) in the variation, as well as the interactions between factors. The effects of the three factors and interactions between them were calculated using an ANOVA (analysis of variance). The variation was shown to depend mainly on the breed and age. These two factors and the interaction between them determine about 80% of the variation in ejaculate characteristics. The season also has an effect, but its share in the influence of variation on ejaculate characteristics is relatively small. Ejaculates from Landrace boars are the most favourable for insemination, with a large volume, a relatively high sperm concentration, and the highest number of sperm. The highest number of insemination doses can be prepared from Landrace ejaculates\u2014on average, 2.7\u20136.7 more doses than from the other breeds. Duroc boar ejaculates are most distinctive, with a very low volume but a very high sperm concentration and the highest sperm motility. The ejaculates of Pietrain boars showed the opposite pattern, with the largest volume but the lowest sperm concentration. The sexual development of young boars, expressed as an increase in ejaculation performance, progresses during their first year of insemination use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15142043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T10:26:53Z","timestamp":1752229613000},"page":"2043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Analysis of Factors of Variation in Characteristics of Boar Ejaculates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9503-0824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanis\u0142aw","family":"Kondracki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science and Fisheries, University of Siedlce, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9165-504X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"G\u00f3rski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science and Fisheries, University of Siedlce, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.12.014","article-title":"Effects of season, age, and breed on semen characteristics in different Bos taurus breeds in a 31-year retrospective study","volume":"79","author":"Snoj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.04.050","article-title":"Boar genotype as a factor shaping age-related changes in semen parameters and reproduction longevity simulations","volume":"98","author":"Knecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"225","article-title":"Effect of piggery microclimate on ejaculate performance of artificial insemination boars","volume":"22","author":"Kowalewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. 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