{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:29:13Z","timestamp":1760059753604,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article highlights the importance of evaluating the morphological characteristics of female dogs during breeding soundness examinations (BSEs) to assess their reproductive potential and ensure the health of future offspring. Key traits considered in this evaluation include body type, body condition score, skull size and shape, mammary gland conformation, and coat quality. Each of these factors plays a significant role in the health and fertility of breeding females. For example, deviations from breed standards in body size can lead to complications during pregnancy and whelping, while an inappropriate body condition score may disrupt hormonal balance and reproductive cycles. This review also addresses concerns related to brachycephalic breeds, whose conformation can contribute to respiratory and reproductive issues. Additionally, assessing vertebral and pelvic conformation is crucial to prevent dystocia and other complications during delivery. By systematically evaluating these morphological traits, veterinarians can promote ethical breeding practices that prioritize the welfare and genetic health of both breeding females and their puppies. Therefore, integrating comprehensive morphological evaluations into BSEs is essential for responsible dog breeding management, ultimately supporting better reproductive outcomes and healthier future generations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15142045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T13:44:19Z","timestamp":1752241459000},"page":"2045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incorporating Morphological Evaluations into Breeding Soundness Examinations for Female Dogs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5874-4639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dane Wells","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36832, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonah","family":"Kvernum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomie","family":"Macias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammed Salman","family":"Waqas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9559-6366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Ciccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menor-Campos, D.J. (2024). Ethical Concerns about Fashionable Dog Breeding. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14050756"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"The Genetic Architecture of Domestication in Animals","volume":"9","author":"Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinform. Biol. Insights"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M.B., Evans, J.M., Parker, H.G., Kim, J., Pearce-Kelling, S., Whitaker, D.T., Plassais, J., Khan, Q.M., and Ostrander, E.A. (2020). Genetic analysis of the modern Australian labradoodle dog breed reveals an excess of the poodle genome. PLoS Genet., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008956"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.02.004","article-title":"Breeding soundness examination of the bitch","volume":"48","author":"Barstow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ontiveros, E.S., Fousse, S.L., Crofton, A.E., Hodge, T.E., Gunther-Harrington, C.T., Visser, L.C., and Stern, J.A. (2019). Congenital cardiac outflow tract abnormalities in dogs: Prevalence and pattern of inheritance from 2008 to 2017. Front. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00052"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.62757\/IVA.2024.101.2.34-38","article-title":"Mammary Tumors in dogs: Age, Breed, Gender, Rearing, and Diet Factors","volume":"101","author":"Sruthi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.d1868","article-title":"Fertility and whelping complications in bitches following correction of vaginal abnormalities","volume":"168","author":"Moxon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2010.04.011","article-title":"Disorders of sex development in the dog\u2014Adoption of a new nomenclature and reclassification of reported cases","volume":"121","author":"Poth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"74","article-title":"Brucella canis: An update on research and clinical management","volume":"59","author":"Cosford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"161","article-title":"Litter size, puppy weight at birth and growth rates in different breeds of dogs","volume":"46","author":"Fiszdon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Waseda Univ. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.10.002","article-title":"Chiari-like malformation","volume":"46","author":"Loughin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16151","article-title":"Persistent fontanelles in Chihuahuas. Part I. Distribution and clinical relevance","volume":"35","author":"Kiviranta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.10.034","article-title":"Litter size at birth in purebred dogs\u2014A retrospective study of 224 breeds","volume":"75","author":"Borge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00223.x","article-title":"Incidence and Breed Predilection for Dystocia and Risk Factors for Cesarean Section in a Swedish Population of Insured Dogs","volume":"35","author":"Lagerstedt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-022-00646-x","article-title":"Factors affecting reproductive performance in the Swedish Bernese mountain dog","volume":"64","author":"Rasmus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21116","article-title":"Do large dogs die young?","volume":"308","author":"Galis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. Part B Mol. Dev. Evol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMillan, K.M., Bielby, J., Williams, C.L., Upjohn, M.M., Casey, R.A., and Christley, R.M. (2024). Longevity of companion dog breeds: Those at risk from early death. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50458-w"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2023.04.005","article-title":"Body condition and fertility in dogs","volume":"53","author":"Sones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12414","article-title":"Prepubertal and Pubertal Canine Reproductive Studies: Conflicting Aspects","volume":"49","author":"Gobello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcam.2022.100640","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and disease associations of overweight and obesity in dogs that visited the veterinary medical teaching hospital at the University of California, Davis from January 2006 to December 2015","volume":"48","author":"Chiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchi, P.H., Vendramini, T.H.A., Perini, M.P., Zafalon, R.V.A., Amaral, A.R., Ochamotto, V.A., Da Silveira, J.C., Dagli, M.L.Z., and Brunetto, M.A. (2022). Obesity, inflammation, and cancer in dogs: Review and perspectives. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1004122"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2011.563729","article-title":"Canine hypothyroidism: A review of aetiology and diagnosis","volume":"59","author":"Mooney","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1053\/svms.2002.34643","article-title":"Thyroid issues in reproduction","volume":"17","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Tech. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(01)50006-6","article-title":"Conditions associated with canine hypothyroidism","volume":"31","author":"Panciera","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.01.016","article-title":"Clinical approaches to infertility in the bitch","volume":"42","author":"Wilborn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"907","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and female reproduction","volume":"99","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0154","article-title":"Paternal Subclinical Hypothyroidism Affects the Clinical Outcomes of In Vitro Fertilization\/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection","volume":"31","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.15547\/bjvm.2368","article-title":"Pregnancy toxaemia in a French bulldog due to extremely large fetal number: A case report","volume":"1","author":"Antonov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.aavs\/2020\/8.11.1184.1187","article-title":"Pregnancy toxemia in a golden retriever bitch, a case report","volume":"8","author":"Nak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2023.02.010","article-title":"Pregnancy toxemia in sheep and goats","volume":"39","author":"Mongini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0630.x","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus in elkhounds is associated with diestrus and pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"Fall","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0199.x","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus in 13 dogs","volume":"22","author":"Fall","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.10.008","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus remission after resolution of inflammatory and progesterone-related conditions in bitches","volume":"94","author":"Mottin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.09.010","article-title":"High-risk pregnancy and hypoluteoidism in the bitch","volume":"70","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.09.008","article-title":"Glucose homeostasis during canine pregnancy: Insulin resistance, ketosis, and hypoglycemia","volume":"70","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.259.7.744","article-title":"Characterization of recessed vulvas in dogs","volume":"259","author":"Palerme","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00f6ppl, \u00c1.G., Lopes, J.L.X., Nogueira, T.B., da Silva, D.I., and Machado, B.d.S. (2024). Progesterone-related diabetes mellitus in the bitch: Current knowledge, the role of Pyometra, and relevance in practice. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14060890"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.62940\/als.v7i4.988","article-title":"Dog coat colour genetics: A review","volume":"7","author":"Saif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2478\/aoas-2014-0066","article-title":"The effect of a coat colour-associated genes polymorphism on animal health\u2014A review","volume":"15","author":"Charon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/age.13154","article-title":"Canine coat pigmentation genetics: A review","volume":"53","author":"Brancalion","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strain, G.M. (2015). The Genetics of Deafness in Domestic Animals. Front. Vet. Sci., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2015.00029"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varga, L., L\u00e9n\u00e1rt, X., Zenke, P., Orb\u00e1n, L., Hud\u00e1k, P., Ninausz, N., Pelles, Z., and Sz\u0151ke, A. (2020). Being Merle: The Molecular Genetic Background of the Canine Merle Mutation. Genes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11060660"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.08.033","article-title":"Inherited defects in pedigree dogs. Part 1: Disorders related to breed standards","volume":"182","author":"Asher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bannasch, D., Safra, N., Young, A., Karmi, N., Schaible, R., and Ling, G. (2008). Mutations in the SLC2A9 gene cause hyperuricosuria and hyperuricemia in the dog. PLoS Genet., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000246"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a104519","article-title":"The Inheritance of \u2019 High Uric Acid Excretion \u2019in Dogs","volume":"29","author":"Trimble","year":"1938","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Sampson, E. (2025, July 08). Overview of Backcross Project: Normal Uric Acid in Dalmatians. Available online: https:\/\/www.vettimes.co.uk\/app\/uploads\/wp-post-to-pdf-enhanced-cache\/1\/overview-of-backcross-project-normal-uric-acid-in-dalmatians.pdf."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laukner, A., Truchet, L., Manukjan, G., Schulze, H., Langbein-Detsch, I., Mueller, E., Leeb, T., and Kehl, A. (2021). Effects of Cocoa Genotypes on Coat Color, Platelets and Coagulation Parameters in French Bulldogs. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12071092"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Davis, N. (2025, July 08). First UK Hairless French Bulldog Litter Prompts \u2018Extreme Breeding\u2019 Concerns. The Guardian. Available online: https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/newspapers\/first-uk-hairless-french-bulldog-litter-prompts\/docview\/2623317516\/se-2?accountid=8421."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00295.x","article-title":"Inheritance of dermoid sinus in the Rhodesian ridgeback","volume":"46","author":"Hillbertz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell, J.S., Cavanagh, K.E., Tiley, L.P., and Smith, F.W.K. (2012). Veterinary Medical Guide to Dog and Cat Breeds, Teton News Media Jackson.","DOI":"10.1201\/b16185"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1995.tb02877.x","article-title":"Dermoid sinus and spinal malformations in a Yorkshire terrier: Diagnosis and follow-up","volume":"36","author":"Fatone","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2001.tb02460.x","article-title":"Dermoid sinus in a golden retriever","volume":"42","author":"Cornegliani","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v69i3.827","article-title":"Atypical dermoid sinus in a chow chow dog","volume":"69","author":"Booth","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2022.105803","article-title":"Prevalence and segregation analysis of dermoid sinus in Rhodesian Ridgebacks","volume":"280","author":"Distl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacheco, J., Bengtsson, F., Killander, J., Franco, F., Lundeheim, N., Varga, C., B\u00e5ge, R., and Morrell, J.M. (2024). Fiber quality and fertility in male alpacas in the Cusco region of Peru. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1421593"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2020.02.008","article-title":"Canine Brachycephaly: Anatomy, Pathology, Genetics and Welfare","volume":"176","author":"Ekenstedt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2022.2145621","article-title":"Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome: Much more than a surgical problem","volume":"42","author":"Mitze","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13054","article-title":"The pandemic of ocular surface disease in brachycephalic dogs: The brachycephalic ocular syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Sebbag","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiegel, P.S., Mach, R., Nolte, I., Freise, F., Levicar, C., Merhof, K., and Bach, J.-P. (2022). Breed-specific values for vertebral heart score (VHS), vertebral left atrial size (VLAS), and radiographic left atrial dimension (RLAD) in pugs without cardiac disease, and their relationship to Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS). PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274085"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobi, S., Barrs, V.R., and B\u0119czkowski, P.M. (2023). Dermatological Problems of Brachycephalic Dogs. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.1048.v1"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Kriss, R. (2025, July 08). Most Popular Dog Breeds. American Kennel Club. Available online: https:\/\/www.akc.org\/most-popular-breeds\/."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.k2722","article-title":"French bulldogs now the UK\u2019s top breed","volume":"182","author":"Mills","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.9.1048","article-title":"Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome in dogs: 90 cases (1991\u20132008)","volume":"237","author":"Fasanella","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7120\/096272812X13345905673809","article-title":"Do dog owners perceive the clinical signs related to conformational inherited disorders as \u2018normal\u2019for the breed? A potential constraint to improving canine welfare","volume":"21","author":"Packer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-016-0036-y","article-title":"A genetic assessment of the English bulldog","volume":"3","author":"Pedersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Canine Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Lederhouse, C. (2025, July 08). Health Screening Test Rolled Out for Brachycephalic Dog Breeds. Available online: https:\/\/www.avma.org\/news\/health-screening-test-rolled-out-brachycephalic-dog-breeds."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.213.03.365","article-title":"Perioperative management and mortality rates of dogs undergoing cesarean section in the United States and Canada","volume":"213","author":"Moon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"58","article-title":"Anesthetic management during cesarean section in English bulldogs","volume":"8","author":"Vullo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.17221\/8381-VETMED","article-title":"Collie eye anomaly: A review","volume":"60","author":"Palanova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1978.172.05.568","article-title":"Heritability of multifocal retinal dysplasia in American Cocker Spaniels","volume":"172","author":"MacMillan","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12725","article-title":"Focal\/multifocal and geographic retinal dysplasia in the dog\u2014In vivo retinal microanatomy analyses","volume":"23","author":"Iwabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12243","article-title":"Retinal dysplasia in American pit bull terriers\u2013Phenotypic characterization and breeding study","volume":"19","author":"Langohr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12910","article-title":"Progression and complications of canine cataracts for different stages of development and aetiologies","volume":"59","author":"Fischer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2009.02150.x","article-title":"Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous: Congenital malformation of the eye","volume":"37","author":"Shastry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2002.00213.x","article-title":"Pectinate ligament dysplasia and narrowing of the iridocorneal angle associated with glaucoma in the English Springer Spaniel","volume":"5","author":"Ekesten","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-023-00240-1","article-title":"Lens-related ocular emergencies (LROE) in dogs: Treatment and visual outcome after late presentation of 90 eyes","volume":"76","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1996.tb01950.x","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding the spectrum of canine generalised progressive retinal atrophy","volume":"37","author":"Clements","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(96)90124-1","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy in Briard dogs","volume":"60","author":"Lightfoot","year":"1996","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karamatic, S., Goode, R., Bageswaran, N., Willet, C.E., Samaha, G., Ferguson, R., Mazrier, H., and Wade, C.M. (2022). Genome-Wide Association Analysis for Chronic Superficial Keratitis in the Australian Racing Greyhound. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13081328"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e509","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.509","article-title":"Epidemiological study of congenital malformations of the vertebral column in French bulldogs, English bulldogs and pugs","volume":"190","author":"Lackmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12753","article-title":"Congenital malformations of the lumbosacral vertebral column are common in neurologically normal French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs, and Pugs, with breed-specific differences","volume":"60","author":"Bertram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-09-02-0017","article-title":"Radiographic features of pelvis and hip joint development of English Bulldogs","volume":"23","author":"Volta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17281","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17281","article-title":"The relationship between radiographic disc calcification score and FGF4L2 genotype in dachshunds","volume":"39","author":"Sullivan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s003350010253","article-title":"Canine homolog of the T-box transcription factor T; failure of the protein to bind to its DNA target leads to a short-tail phenotype","volume":"12","author":"Haworth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2007.00435.x","article-title":"A study of inherited short tail and taillessness in Pembroke Welsh corgi","volume":"49","author":"Langeland","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"236","article-title":"Ancestral T-Box Mutation Is Present in Many, but Not All, Short-Tailed Dog Breeds","volume":"100","author":"Grall","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-021-02261-8","article-title":"Canine DVL2 variant contributes to brachycephalic phenotype and caudal vertebral anomalies","volume":"140","author":"Niskanen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"United Kennel Club (2025, July 08). Offical Standard of the Dachshund. Available online: https:\/\/www.ukcdogs.com\/dachshund."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.044","article-title":"Heritability of hemivertebrae in the French bulldog using an animal threshold model","volume":"207","author":"Schlensker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03076.x","article-title":"Radiographic pelvimetry for assessment of dystocia in bitches: A clinical study in two terrier breeds","volume":"40","author":"Eneroth","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Linde-Forsberg, C. (2025, July 08). Pelvimetry to Diagnose Dystocia in the Bitch. Available online: https:\/\/www.vin.com\/apputil\/content\/defaultadv1.aspx?id=3850086&pid=8768."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dascanio, J.J. (2014). Perineal Conformation Evaluation. Equine Reproductive Procedures, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118904398"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(01)50205-3","article-title":"Surgery of the canine vagina and vulva","volume":"31","author":"Mathews","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1966.tb04394.x","article-title":"The anatomy of the mammary gland of the dog and cat","volume":"7","author":"Silver","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Hermanson, J.W., and de Lahunta, A. (2013). Miller\u2019s Anataomy of the Dog, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Morrison, W.B. (2002). Canine and feline mammary tumors. Cancer in Dogs and Cats Medical and Surgical Management, Teton NewMedia Jackson."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Earnhardt-San, A.L., Gray, K.A., and Knauer, M.T. (2023). Genetic parameter estimates for teat and mammary traits in commercial sows. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13152400"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5737","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0280","article-title":"Heritabilities and Genetic Correlations of Body Condition Score and Calving Interval with Yield, Somatic Cell Score, and Linear Type Traits in Brown Swiss Cattle","volume":"90","author":"Dalvit","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/14\/2045\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:08:41Z","timestamp":1760033321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/14\/2045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15142045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15142045","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]}}}