{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T08:59:39Z","timestamp":1771664379138,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033 and the European Union \u201cNextGenerationEU\u201d\/PRTR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TED2021-130774B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-130774B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cantur S.A. and the University of Le\u00f3n","award":["TED2021-130774B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-130774B-I00"]}]},{"name":"University of Le\u00f3n","award":["TED2021-130774B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-130774B-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The conservation of small and genetically vulnerable brown bear populations, such as the Cantabrian subpopulation in Spain, depends on developing species-specific assisted reproductive technologies and genetic resource banks. However, the lack of standardized sperm collection and cryopreservation protocols hinders their application. This study provides the first comparative analysis of sperm quality and proteomic profiles from three different origins: epididymal, pre-ejaculated, and ejaculated. Sperm quality parameters \u2014motility and kinetic, viability, apoptosis, and oxidative stress\u2014 and protein expression were assessed. Although yields were similar, marked differences were observed in sperm quality and protein profiles. Sixty-three proteins involved in metabolism, stress response, and oxidative balance were differentially expressed depending on sperm origin. Epididymal sperm showed the highest viability and motility, lowest apoptosis, and a proteomic profile indicative of active spermatogenesis and enhanced oxidative stress defense. In contrast, ejaculated sperm had increased oxidative stress and reduced expression of metabolic proteins, while pre-ejaculated sperm exhibited lower motility, likely due to urine contamination and mitochondrial protein alterations, despite comparable viability and apoptosis. These findings offer novel insights into brown bear sperm biology and highlight the importance of sperm origin in developing optimized assisted reproduction strategies, ultimately supporting ex situ conservation efforts for this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15142064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T07:54:23Z","timestamp":1752479663000},"page":"2064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Descriptive Study of Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) Sperm Quality and Proteomic Profiles Considering Sperm Origin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2180-9434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Neila-Montero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Itra-ULE, INDEGSAL, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7179-5742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Anel-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Itra-ULE, INDEGSAL, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Maside","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Itra-ULE, INDEGSAL, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2880-3342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Soriano-\u00dabeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Itra-ULE, INDEGSAL, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4000-7867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Montes-Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Itra-ULE, INDEGSAL, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7901-228X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Palacin-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Itra-ULE, INDEGSAL, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Diez-Zavala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Itra-ULE, INDEGSAL, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Borrag\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cab\u00e1rceno Park, 39693 Obreg\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5536-9575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Silva-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facility of Innovation and Analysis in Animal Source Foodstuffs, University of Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4971-4883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco E.","family":"Mart\u00edn-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Equine Spermatology and Reproduction, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2423-4031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Anel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Itra-ULE, INDEGSAL, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9057-4758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Itra-ULE, INDEGSAL, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mclellan, B.N., Proctor, M.F., Huber, D., and Michel, S. 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