{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T03:58:46Z","timestamp":1784865526049,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing CSTC","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0576"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing CSTC","award":["32272889"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32272889"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0576"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32272889"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32272889"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the effects of adding 360 mg\/kg niacinamide (NAM) to diets on nutrient metabolism, providing insights into how dietary NAM supplementation enhances nitrogen utilization and growth performance in pigs. Forty growing\u2013finishing pigs were randomly assigned to one of four experimental diets as follows: basal diet + 30 mg\/kg NAM (CON), basal diet + 360 mg\/kg NAM (CON + NAM), low-protein diet + 30 mg\/kg NAM (LP), and low-protein diet + 360 mg\/kg NAM (LP + NAM). Results showed that supplementation of both the CON and LP diets with 360 mg\/kg NAM resulted in decreased urea nitrogen concentrations and carbamyl phosphate synthetase-I activity (p &lt; 0.05). The pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in the serum and liver, as well as the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and glutamate dehydrogenase 1 in the ileum mucosa, was increased by supplementing the LP diet with 360 mg\/kg NAM (p &lt; 0.05). The LP diet with 360 mg\/kg NAM increased the villi length to crypt depth, mRNA expression of glucose transporters 1 and 2 and alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 1, and mRNA expression of mechanistic target of the rapamycin 1 in the ileum (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, 360 mg\/kg NAM supplementation in the LP diet reduced ileal Lactobacillus abundance (LDA &gt; 4) and increased ileal microbial nucleotide and purine metabolism (p &lt; 0.05). Our findings suggest that addition of 360 mg\/kg NAM to the LP diet reduced urea production in the liver, enhanced glucose and amino acid absorption and transport in the ileum, and improved glucose metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15142088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T15:01:05Z","timestamp":1752591665000},"page":"2088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impacts of 360 mg\/kg Niacinamide Supplementation in Low-Protein Diets on Energy and Nitrogen Metabolism and Intestinal Microbiota in Growing\u2013Finishing Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6251-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8465-4631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiru","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yetong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xie","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuting","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72089-6","article-title":"Milk production of dairy cows fed differing concentrations of rumen-degraded protein","volume":"89","author":"Kalscheur","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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