{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T02:29:24Z","timestamp":1789180164385,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The respiratory consequences of brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome (BAOS) are well known; however, brachycephalic dogs may also present with alimentary tract signs. The electronic medical records of 176 French bulldogs with BAOS were reviewed to classify the gastrointestinal endoscopic findings, and to evaluate the associations between clinicopathological data, endoscopic respiratory, and digestive findings. Dogs that did not undergo endoscopic examination of both airways and the upper digestive tract were excluded. The type and frequency of respiratory and digestive signs were assessed according to a previously described grading system, in addition to gastrointestinal histopathological findings. Video documentation was reviewed to assign a score to each gastrointestinal endoscopic finding (EGF) and to obtain a total EGF score. All dogs showed at least one EGF. The median total EGF score was 5 (range 1\u20139). A significant association between the score from digestive signs and the total EGF score was found. In addition, laryngeal granulomas were significantly associated with regurgitation. No associations were found between gastrointestinal histopathological findings and the scores from respiratory or digestive signs. Overall, gastrointestinal endoscopic findings and laryngeal granulomas are common among French bulldogs with BAOS. Therefore, a systematic endoscopic approach to alimentary signs is desirable to determine the most appropriate treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15142137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T07:56:14Z","timestamp":1753084574000},"page":"2137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Clinical Evaluation and Systematic Classification of Endoscopic Gastrointestinal Findings in 176 French Bulldogs with Brachycephalic Airway Obstructive Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Enrico","family":"Bottero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione Professionale Endovet, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Ruggiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione Professionale Endovet, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Falcioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione Professionale Endovet, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiano","family":"Raponi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione Professionale Endovet, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Campanile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione Professionale Endovet, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"De Cata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione Professionale Endovet, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"De Lorenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory, 35030 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuele","family":"Gonella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione Professionale Endovet, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Mussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione Professionale Endovet, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5408-6397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugo","family":"Ala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2744-7120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Gianella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00320.x","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal tract lesions in 73 brachycephalic dogs with upper respiratory syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Poncet","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2016.02.002","article-title":"Brachycephalic Syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Dupre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2022.2145621","article-title":"Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome: Much more than a surgical problem","volume":"42","author":"Mitze","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2020.09.006","article-title":"Digestive Diseases in Brachycephalic Dogs","volume":"51","author":"Freiche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12914","article-title":"Relationship between brachycephalic airway syndrome and gastrointestinal signs in three breeds of dog","volume":"59","author":"Kaye","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00057.x","article-title":"Long-term results of upper respiratory syndrome surgery and gastrointestinal tract medical treatment in 51 brachycephalic dogs","volume":"47","author":"Poncet","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16661","article-title":"A One Health review of aerodigestive disease in dogs","volume":"37","author":"Grobman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, N.C., Troconis, E.L., Kalmar, L., Price, D.J., Wright, H.E., Adams, V.J., Sargan, D.R., and Ladlow, J.F. (2017). Conformational risk factors of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) in pugs, French bulldogs, and bulldogs. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181928"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12408","article-title":"Brachycephalic airway syndrome: A comparative study between pugs and French bulldogs","volume":"56","author":"Haimel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.09.009","article-title":"How does severe brachycephaly affect dog\u2019s lives? Result of a structured preoperative owner questionnaire","volume":"198","author":"Roedler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12734","article-title":"Documenting the prevalence of hiatal hernia and oesophageal abnormalities in brachycephalic dogs using fluoroscopy","volume":"58","author":"Reeve","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2022.01.013","article-title":"Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Krainer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105624","article-title":"Prognostic indicators of short-term outcome in dogs undergoing surgery for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome","volume":"187","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15547","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of esophageal imaging features in brachycephalic versus non-brachycephalic dogs based on videofluoroscopic swallowing studies","volume":"33","author":"Eivers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"141","article-title":"Digestive disorders associated with the chronic obstructive respiratory syndrome of brachycephalic dogs: 30 cases (1999\u20132001)","volume":"155","author":"Lecoindre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Revue Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Bonagura, J., and Twedt, D. (2014). Brachycephalic airway syndrome. Current Veterinary Therapy, Elsevier. [15th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12735","article-title":"Effects of manipulations to detect sliding hiatal hernia in dogs with brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Broux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.05.010","article-title":"Diagnostic rigid endoscopy: Otoscopy, rhinoscopy and cystoscopy","volume":"39","author":"Rawlings","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.05.001","article-title":"Airway evaluation and flexible endoscopic procedures in dogs and cats: Laryngoscopy, transtracheal wash, tracheobronchoscopy, and bronchoalveolar lavage","volume":"39","author":"Creevy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.05.009","article-title":"Flexible endoscopy in small animals","volume":"39","author":"Sum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813511123","article-title":"Design of a simplified histopathologic model for gastrointestinal inflammation in dogs","volume":"51","author":"Jergens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-020-00542-2","article-title":"A modified Sydney system of chronic gastritis in dogs","volume":"62","author":"Jankowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12424","article-title":"Endoscopic assessment of the duodenum in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"28","author":"Slovak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"360","article-title":"Collapse of the larynx and adjacent structures in the dog","volume":"137","author":"Leonard","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2013.09.001","article-title":"Laringeal disease in dogs and cats","volume":"44","author":"MacPhail","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"E3","article-title":"Brachycephalic airway syndrome: Pathophysiology and diagnosis","volume":"34","author":"Lodato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Vet."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.258.10.1091","article-title":"Circumferential esophageal hiatal rim reconstruction for treatment of persistent regurgitation in brachycephalic dogs: 29 cases (2016\u20132019)","volume":"258","author":"Hosgood","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13906","article-title":"Effect of conventional multilevel brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome surgery on clinical and videofluoroscopic evidence of hiatal herniation and gastroesophageal reflux in dogs","volume":"52","author":"Mayhew","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00287-w","article-title":"Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease","volume":"7","author":"Fass","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.p1979","article-title":"Non-erosive reflux disease and oesophageal carcinoma","volume":"382","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.213.12.1767","article-title":"Detection and effects of helicobacters in healthy dogs and dogs with signs of gastritis","volume":"213","author":"Happonen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"468","article-title":"Follow-up studies by peroral gastric biopsies and necropsy in vomiting dogs","volume":"53","year":"1989","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.256.8.906","article-title":"Comparison of clinical, endoscopic, and histologic features between dogs with chronic gastritis with and without lymphofollicular hyperplasia","volume":"256","author":"Faucher","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13279","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of gastro-oesophageal junction abnormalities in dogs with brachycephalic syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Vangrinsven","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17048","article-title":"Evaluating acidic gastroesophageal reflux with wireless pH monitoring in French bulldogs with sliding hiatal herniation","volume":"38","author":"Ullal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16485","article-title":"Evaluation of aerodigestive disease and diagnosis of sliding hiatal hernia in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs","volume":"36","author":"Luciani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12860","article-title":"Vocal fold granulomas in six brachycephalic dogs: Clinical, macroscopical and histological features","volume":"61","author":"Sarran","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940211100509","article-title":"Extraesophageal reflux in patients with contact granuloma: A prospective controlled study","volume":"111","author":"Ylitalo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/14\/2137\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:12:29Z","timestamp":1760033549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/14\/2137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15142137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15142137","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]}}}