{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T08:42:44Z","timestamp":1780994564726,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycoplasmas are known respiratory pathogens in tortoises, but few studies exist in snakes. To better understand the correlation with clinical signs and co-infections, samples from mycoplasma-positive snakes with and without clinical respiratory disease were analyzed. Oral swabs from 15 snakes (pythons n = 12, boas n = 3) were examined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and third-generation sequencing (TGS). Additionally, mycoplasma isolation assays were performed. Pathogens detected by PCR included Mycoplasmas (15\/15, 100%), serpentoviruses (9\/15, 60%), and Chlamydia sp. (2\/15, 13%); those detected by TGS included Mycoplasmas (14\/15, 93%), serpentoviruses (10\/15, 67%), Chlamydia sp. (1\/15, 7%), and 15 different bacterial species. Sequencing of the mycoplasma PCR products revealed a close genetic relationship to Mycoplasmopsis agassizii. TGS identified genetically distinct mycoplasmas and three different serpentoviruses. While mycoplasmas could not be successfully propagated, Brucella intermedia comb. nov. was identified in eight cultures. Respiratory disease in snakes is often multifactorial, involving various pathogens and environmental influences. This study demonstrates that comprehensive diagnostics are essential for understanding disease processes in snakes and improving the detection of diverse pathogens. Further research is needed to improve laboratory diagnostics for infectious diseases in reptiles and to better understand the roles of various pathogens in respiratory diseases in snakes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15152187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T08:13:31Z","timestamp":1753431211000},"page":"2187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Identifying Infectious Agents in Snakes (Boidae and Pythonidae) with and Without Respiratory Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Marline M.","family":"Faulhaber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LABOKLIN GmbH & Co.KG, Labor f\u00fcr klinische Diagnostik, Steubenstra\u00dfe 4, D-97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3968-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence","family":"Tardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzan\u00e9-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology, Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, F-22440 Ploufragan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4700-0078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne V.","family":"Gautier-Bouchardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzan\u00e9-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology, Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, F-22440 Ploufragan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"\u00d6fner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auffangstation f\u00fcr Reptilien M\u00fcnchen e.V., Kaulbachstra\u00dfe 37, D-80539 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiaan","family":"Theuns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PathoSense, Poortakkerstraat 41A, B-9051 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sieglinde","family":"Coppens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PathoSense, Poortakkerstraat 41A, B-9051 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0829-2215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LABOKLIN GmbH & Co.KG, Labor f\u00fcr klinische Diagnostik, Steubenstra\u00dfe 4, D-97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7244-9697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Pees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Mammal, Reptile and Avian Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, B\u00fcnteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0578-8963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Marschang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LABOKLIN GmbH & Co.KG, Labor f\u00fcr klinische Diagnostik, Steubenstra\u00dfe 4, D-97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100972","article-title":"Detection of pathogens in Boidae and Pythonidae with and without respiratory disease","volume":"172","author":"Schmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. 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