{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:56:13Z","timestamp":1792018573225,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32260898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260898"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["Gaufx-03J01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Gaufx-03J01"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["24YFNA016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YFNA016"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2025CXZX-765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025CXZX-765"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["25JRRA385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JRRA385"]}]},{"name":"Fuxi Fund of Gansu Agricultural University","award":["32260898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260898"]}]},{"name":"Fuxi Fund of Gansu Agricultural University","award":["Gaufx-03J01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Gaufx-03J01"]}]},{"name":"Fuxi Fund of Gansu Agricultural University","award":["24YFNA016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YFNA016"]}]},{"name":"Fuxi Fund of Gansu Agricultural University","award":["2025CXZX-765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025CXZX-765"]}]},{"name":"Fuxi Fund of Gansu Agricultural University","award":["25JRRA385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JRRA385"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Key Research and Development Program-Agricultural Field","award":["32260898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260898"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Key Research and Development Program-Agricultural Field","award":["Gaufx-03J01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Gaufx-03J01"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Key Research and Development Program-Agricultural Field","award":["24YFNA016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YFNA016"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Key Research and Development Program-Agricultural Field","award":["2025CXZX-765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025CXZX-765"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Key Research and Development Program-Agricultural Field","award":["25JRRA385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JRRA385"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial University Postgraduate \u201cInnovation Star\u201d","award":["32260898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260898"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial University Postgraduate \u201cInnovation Star\u201d","award":["Gaufx-03J01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Gaufx-03J01"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial University Postgraduate \u201cInnovation Star\u201d","award":["24YFNA016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YFNA016"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial University Postgraduate \u201cInnovation Star\u201d","award":["2025CXZX-765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025CXZX-765"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial University Postgraduate \u201cInnovation Star\u201d","award":["25JRRA385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JRRA385"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","award":["32260898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260898"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","award":["Gaufx-03J01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Gaufx-03J01"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","award":["24YFNA016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YFNA016"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","award":["2025CXZX-765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025CXZX-765"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","award":["25JRRA385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JRRA385"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Weaning stress damages the intestines and disrupts the intestinal barrier in piglets, which significantly impacts the pig farming industry\u2019s economy. We aimed to examine the effects of ShenQiGan extract (CAG) on intestinal barrier function and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms in stress-challenged weaned piglets. The experimental design involved 80 weaned piglets aged 28 days (with an average body weight of 7.78 \u00b1 0.074 kg) that were randomly allocated into four groups: Control, LCAG (0.1% CAG), MCAG (0.5% CAG), and HCAG (1.0% CAG). After a 28-day trial period, the growth performance and incidence of diarrhea in piglets were evaluated. CAG increased the average daily gain of weaned piglets, reduced the feed-to-gain ratio, and decreased the incidence of diarrhea. It significantly lowered serum inflammatory cytokine levels while elevating immunoglobulin levels. The supplement notably enhanced concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and isobutyric acid. Furthermore, CAG demonstrated intestinal morphology restoration and upregulation of tight junction proteins and MUC2 protein expression in jejunum. At the mRNA level, it significantly upregulated the expression of Occludin, Claudin1, and MUC2 genes. CAG improves growth performance and mitigates diarrhea in weaned piglets by enhancing intestinal barrier integrity, modulating systemic inflammatory responses, elevating immunoglobulin levels, and promoting short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in the cecum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15152218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T10:51:14Z","timestamp":1753699874000},"page":"2218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["ShenQiGan Extract Repairs Intestinal Barrier in Weaning-Stressed Piglets by Modulating Inflammatory Factors, Immunoglobulins, and Short-Chain Fatty Acids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rongxia","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenghui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanlong","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoxia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziwen","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2666-6772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongli","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanming","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53144-1","article-title":"Galactooligosaccharides and Limosilactobacillus reuteri synergistically alleviate gut inflammation and barrier dysfunction by enriching Bacteroides acidifaciens for pentadecanoic acid biosynthesis","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.2527\/1997.75102708x","article-title":"Energy metabolism in pregnant sows and newborn pigs","volume":"75","author":"Noblet","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30704-0","article-title":"Managing the lactating sow for optimal weaning and rebreeding performance. The Veterinary Clinics of North America","volume":"8","author":"Tokach","year":"1992","journal-title":"Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156217","article-title":"Mulberry leaf benefits the intestinal epithelial barrier via direct anti-oxidation and indirect modulation of microbiota in pigs","volume":"135","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, X., Liu, M., Tang, J., Chen, H., Chen, D., Yu, B., He, J., Yu, J., and Zheng, P. (2015). Dietary Leucine Supplementation Improves the Mucin Production in the Jejunal Mucosa of the Weaned Pigs Challenged by Porcine Rotavirus. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137380"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, C., He, T., Zhang, W., Zhang, G., and Ma, X. (2018). Branched Chain Amino Acids: Beyond Nutrition Metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19040954"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Y., Liu, Y., Duan, G., Han, M., Gong, S., Yang, Z., Duan, Y., Chen, Q., and Li, F. (2022). The Effect of Dietary Leucine Supplementation on Antioxidant Capacity and Meat Quality of Finishing Pigs under Heat Stress. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071373"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skac109","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac109","article-title":"Leucine alters blood parameters and regulates hepatic protein synthesis via mammalian\/mechanistic target of rapamycin activation in intrauterine growth-restricted piglets","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"10","article-title":"Effects of extract from Codonopsis pilosula on the growth performance, biochemical indexes in serum, and intestinal health of weaned piglets","volume":"23","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Breed. Feed"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"70","article-title":"Protective Effect and Mechanism of Total Saponins of Codonopsis Radix on Cognitive Dysfunuction in Aging Mice","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exp. Tradit."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"50","article-title":"Development of Shenqi composite tea and its antioxidant activity analysis","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Res. Diet. Sci. Cult."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"31","article-title":"Effect of fermented compound Codonopsis pilosula on growth performance and serum immunoglobulin of weaned piglets","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Contemp. Anim. Husb."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Lu, G.D., Hou, J., Chen, Z.J., Yang, F.D., and Wang, J.J. (2024). Study on Difference and Correlation of Traits, Inorganic Elements and Lobetyoli of Dangshen (Codonopsis Radix) from Different Origins in Gansu Province. J. Shandong Univ. Tradit., 48."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"214","article-title":"Research on the Pharmacological Activity of Microbial Metabolites During the Astragalus Membranaceus Processing","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"83","article-title":"Effects of Astragalus polysaccharides and Buzhong Yiqi powder on growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, immune performance, and antioxidant capacity of Ussuri raccoon dog","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Feed Res."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Wen, F., and Shu, P. (2021). Network Pharmacology Study of Huangqi (Astragalus Membranaceus)-Dangshen (Codonopsis pilosula) in Treatment of Gastric Cancer. Chin. Arch. Tradit. Chin. Med., 39."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Pan, X., and Xuan, W.J. (2025). The Mechanism of Astragaloside IV Regulating thePI3K\/AKT Signaling Pathway on Gentamicin Induced Ototoxicity Damage. J. Audiol. Speech Pathol., 1\u20135."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"133","article-title":"A review on pharmacological effects of the Buzhong Yiqi decoction and its active components in regulating energy metabolism","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"943","article-title":"Effect and metabolomic analysis of the mechanism of Buzhong Yiqi decoction on mice with high-altitude stress ulcer","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Xiamen Univ."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"10","article-title":"Improvement of Thyroid Injury in AIT Mice by Inhibiting Ferroptosis Through Regulation of Nrf2\/PPAR\u03b3\/GPX4 Pathway by Buzhong Yiqitang","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"27","article-title":"Effect of Buzhong Yiqitang on Fas\/FADD\/Caspase-8 Cell Apoptotic Signaling Pathway in Mice with Autoimmune Thyroiditis","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"19","article-title":"Mechanism of Buzhong Yiqitang in Improving Autoimmune Thyroiditis by Regulating Th17 Cells Through miR-155\/Ndfip1\/Pten Axis","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mechanism of Buzhong Yiqitang in Ameliorating Thyroiditis Damage in AIT Mice by Modulating TLR4\/NF-\u03baB\/AIM2 Signaling Pathway","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.111320","article-title":"Trichinella-derived protein ameliorates colitis by altering the gut microbiome and improving intestinal barrier function","volume":"127","author":"Long","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Zhu, N., Su, X., Gao, Y., and Yang, R. (2023). Gut-Microbiota-Derived Metabolites Maintain Gut and Systemic Immune Homeostasis. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12050793"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956281","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1956281","article-title":"A bovine lactoferricin-lactoferrampin-encoding Lactobacillus reuteri CO21 regulates the intestinal mucosal immunity and enhances the protection of piglets against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 challenge","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"17","article-title":"Astragali Radix-Codonopsis Radix on the Process Optimization of Active Ingredients and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Activity","volume":"44","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Wild Plant Resour."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5188","article-title":"Review of the botanical characteristics, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Astragalus membranaceus (Huangqi)","volume":"28","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytother. Res. PTR"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.117863","article-title":"Extraction, purification, structural characteristics and biological properties of the polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula: A review","volume":"261","author":"Luan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Yi, L.K., Chen, X., Bai, Y.B., Wang, W.W., Wei, X.J., Zhang, Z.J., Yu, X.Y., Zhu, Z., and Zhang, J.Y. (2024). Research progress on the antibacterial synergistic effects and mechanisms of flavonoids. Heilongjiang Anim. Sci. Vet., 21\u201327."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Huang, H., Wang, L., Yang, H., He, S., Liu, F., Tu, Q., and He, S. (2021). Herbal Extract Mixture Modulates Intestinal Antioxidative Capacity and Microbiota in Weaning Piglets. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.706758"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665107005484","article-title":"Nutritional management of gut health in pigs around weaning","volume":"66","author":"Bosi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644205","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2644205","article-title":"Intrauterine Growth Retardation Affects Intestinal Health of Suckling Piglets via Altering Intestinal Antioxidant Capacity, Glucose Uptake, Tight Junction, and Immune Responses","volume":"2022","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO02327A","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with yeast glycoprotein on growth performance, intestinal mucosal morphology, immune response and colonic microbiota in weaned piglets","volume":"10","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3191","DOI":"10.2527\/1999.77123191x","article-title":"Effect of segregated early weaning on postweaning small intestinal development in pigs","volume":"77","author":"Tang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-014-0396-x","article-title":"Gut response induced by weaning in piglet features marked changes in immune and inflammatory response","volume":"14","author":"Bomba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Funct. Integr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5796","article-title":"Early weaning increases intestinal permeability, alters expression of cytokine and tight junction proteins, and activates mitogen-activated protein kinases in pigs","volume":"91","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927348","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1927348","article-title":"Epidermal Growth Factor and Intestinal Barrier Function","volume":"2016","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gou, H.Z., Zhang, Y.L., Ren, L.F., Li, Z.J., and Zhang, L. (2022). How do intestinal probiotics restore the intestinal barrier?. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.929346"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13357","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13357","article-title":"Regulation of the intestinal barrier by nutrients: The role of tight junctions","volume":"91","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G352","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00081.2009","article-title":"Early weaning stress impairs development of mucosal barrier function in the porcine intestine","volume":"298","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.080192","article-title":"Physiological, pathological, and therapeutic implications of zonulin-mediated intestinal barrier modulation: Living life on the edge of the wall","volume":"173","author":"Fasano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2653","article-title":"Intestinal mucosal barrier function in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Turner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2017.1343143","article-title":"The intestinal barrier: A fundamental role in health and disease","volume":"11","author":"Vancamelbeke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8974","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c02824","article-title":"Effects of Curcumin on Mitochondrial Function, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Mitochondria-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes in the Jejunum of Oxidative Stress Piglets","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, P., Luo, Y., Okoye, C.S., Chen, H., Liu, J., Zhang, G., Xu, C., and Chen, H. (2020). Intestinal barrier damage, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and acute lung injury: A troublesome trio for acute pancreatitis. Biomed. Pharmacother., 132.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110770"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-010-0131-2","article-title":"Intestinal goblet cells and mucins in health and disease: Recent insights and progress","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119002581","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor promotes intestinal secretory cell differentiation in weaning piglets via Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signalling","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2006.06.007","article-title":"Lectin histochemical characterisation of the porcine small intestine around weaning","volume":"82","author":"Hedemann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Xiong, X., Wang, X., Tan, B., Li, T., and Yin, Y. (2016). Effects of Weaning on Intestinal Upper Villus Epithelial Cells of Piglets. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150216"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G171","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00048.2015","article-title":"Homeostasis of the gut barrier and potential biomarkers","volume":"312","author":"Wells","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(98)00070-2","article-title":"The increasing power of immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry","volume":"216","author":"Brandtzaeg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Duarte, M.E., Sevarolli Loftus, A., and Kim, S.W. (2021). Intestinal Health of Pigs Upon Weaning: Challenges and Nutritional Intervention. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.628258"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"2765","article-title":"Mechanism of cytokine modulation of epithelial tight junction barrier","volume":"14","author":"Boivin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108520","article-title":"Intestinal morphology and immune profiles are altered in piglets by early-weaning","volume":"105","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa046","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa046","article-title":"Changes in cecal morphology, cell proliferation, antioxidant enzyme, volatile fatty acids, lipopolysaccharide, and cytokines in piglets during the postweaning period","volume":"98","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.04.032","article-title":"Developmental expression of STATs, nuclear factor-\u03baB and inflammatory genes in the jejunum of piglets during weaning","volume":"36","author":"Yi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, X., Wan, F., Zhong, R., Chen, L., and Zhang, H. (2024). Hydroxytyrosol Alleviates Intestinal Oxi-dative Stress by Regulating Bile Acid Metabolism in a Piglet Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115590"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.135014","article-title":"Clostrid-ium butyricum alleviates weaned stress of piglets by improving intestinal immune function and gut microbiota","volume":"405","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.11.007","article-title":"Dietary fiber and SCFAs in the regulation of mucosal immunity","volume":"151","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/10408699891274200","article-title":"Butyric acid from the diet: Actions at the level of gene expression","volume":"38","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westerholm, M., Calusinska, M., and Dolfing, J. (2022). Syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacteria in methanogenic systems. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 46.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuab057"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.04.007","article-title":"Benefits of short-chain fatty acids and their receptors in inflammation and carcinogenesis","volume":"164","author":"Sivaprakasam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelhalim, K.A. (2024). Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from gastrointestinal disorders, metabolism, epigenetics, central nervous system to cancer-A mini-review. Chem. Biol. Interact., 388.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110851"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parada Venegas, D., De la Fuente, M.K., Landskron, G., Gonz\u00e1lez, M.J., Quera, R., Dijkstra, G., Harmsen, H.J.M., Faber, K.N., and Hermoso, M.A. (2019). Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01486"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, H., and Ajuwon, K.M. (2017). Butyrate modifies intestinal barrier function in IPEC-J2 cells through a selective upregulation of tight junction proteins and activation of the Akt signaling pathway. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179586"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, H., and Ajuwon, K.M. (2015). Mechanism of Butyrate Stimulation of Triglyceride Storage and Adipokine Expression during Adipogenic Differentiation of Porcine Stromovascular Cells. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145940"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-019-0626-x","article-title":"Gastric infusion of short-chain fatty acids can improve intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets","volume":"14","author":"Diao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/15\/2218\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:17:17Z","timestamp":1760033837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/15\/2218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15152218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15152218","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]}}}