{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:17:29Z","timestamp":1792603049149,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate cow longevity and identify the main culling reasons in dairy herds in Southern Brazil. Two data sets from 26 predominantly confined Holstein herds were analyzed over a 10-year period (2007\u20132016). The first included 11,150 cows that were culled, died, or sold, and the second comprised 636,739 cows for demographic analysis. The average annual culling rate was 24.2%, mainly due to reproductive disorders (34.0%), mastitis\/high somatic cell count (20.4%), and feet and leg problems (17.9%). Involuntary causes represented 89.5% of all culling. The death rate averaged 3.8%, with the most frequent causes being unknown (27.3%), other reasons (25.6%), tick fever (10.2%), and accidents\/injuries (10.0%). Larger herds had higher culling rates than smaller ones (26.2% vs. 22.8%; p = 0.04), as did higher-producing herds compared to lower-producing ones (25.7% vs. 22.0%; p = 0.02). Cows with \u22655 calvings were culled more often (p &lt; 0.01) than those in earlier lactations. Culling was lowest (p &lt; 0.02) in spring and highest (p &lt; 0.01) during early (0\u201360 d) and late (&gt;420 d) lactation. Herds with a higher proportion of older cows had slightly lower milk yields (p &lt; 0.01), indicating longevity does not always enhance productivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15152232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T16:16:10Z","timestamp":1753805770000},"page":"2232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Longevity and Culling Reasons in Dairy Herds in Southern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9112-605X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo de","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Zootecnia\u2014PPGZ, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1\u2014UFPR, Rua dos Funcion\u00e1rios, 1540, Curitiba 80035-050, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3149-1487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sidneia de","family":"Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Zootecnia\u2014PPGZ, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1\u2014UFPR, Rua dos Funcion\u00e1rios, 1540, Curitiba 80035-050, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2787-9182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna Marinho","family":"Marquetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Zootecnia\u2014PPGZ, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1\u2014UFPR, Rua dos Funcion\u00e1rios, 1540, Curitiba 80035-050, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milaine","family":"Poczynek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Zootecnia\u2014PPGZ, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1\u2014UFPR, Rua dos Funcion\u00e1rios, 1540, Curitiba 80035-050, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delma Fab\u00edola Ferreira da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Zootecnia\u2014PPGZ, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1\u2014UFPR, Rua dos Funcion\u00e1rios, 1540, Curitiba 80035-050, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Barros","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capal Cooperativa Agroindustrial, Rua Saladino de Castro, 1375, Arapoti 84990-000, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Altair Antonio","family":"Valloto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Paranaense dos Criadores de Bovinos da Ra\u00e7a Holandesa, Rua Professor Francisco Dranka, 608, Curitiba 81200-404, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Augusto","family":"Horst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Paranaense dos Criadores de Bovinos da Ra\u00e7a Holandesa, Rua Professor Francisco Dranka, 608, Curitiba 81200-404, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Breno","family":"Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neogen Corporation, 4131 N 48th St., Lincoln, NE 68504, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3838","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17361","article-title":"Symposium review: Why revisit dairy cattle productive lifespan?","volume":"103","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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