{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:33:47Z","timestamp":1760060027586,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Game-farmed quails that are currently raised in captivity and released in hunting preserves are not attractive for many hunters because of their low antipredator instinct, which is due to the fact that in most cases, these farm-reared quails are hybrids between European common (Coturnix coturnix) and Japanese (Coturnix japonica) quails, with the latter having been selectively bred for docility. This study aimed at assessing the antipredator response of game-farmed and Japanese quails by performing three tests: human approach test, simulated aerial predator approach test and tonic immobility test. Thirty game-farmed quails (average body weight: 133 g) and thirty Japanese quails (323 g) were subjected to the tests. For each genotype of quail, fifteen males and fifteen females were used. In the human approach test, the distance at which quails moved was greater for game-farmed quails than for Japanese ones (37.4 vs. 19.6 m, p &lt; 0.001). In the simulated aerial predator approach test, female quails of the Japanese species crouched down at the longest distance with respect to the predator (9.83 m), whereas no significant difference existed for this trait among the other three groups (6.84 m, on average). The percentage of quails flying when the predator got closer was higher for the Japanese species than for the game-farmed quails (23.3 vs. 3.33%, p = 0.023). Fewer inductions were needed to cause tonic immobility in the game-farmed quails than in the Japanese ones (3.10 vs. 4.10, p = 0.009), but then, the duration of the tonic immobility response did not differ significantly between the two genotypes. No effect of sex was detected in the human approach and tonic immobility tests. In conclusion, as compared with Japanese quails, game-farmed quails showed more fearful behaviour when confronted with a human being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15152237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:00:41Z","timestamp":1753884041000},"page":"2237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antipredator Response in Domestic Japanese Quail and Game-Farmed Quail"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3324-2861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Redondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Agronom\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Diego-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Agronom\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6909-7048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias y Artes, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica Santa Teresa de Jes\u00fas de \u00c1vila (UCAV), Calle Canteros s\/n, 05005 \u00c1vila, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.345","article-title":"Time, geography and weather provide insights into the ecological strategy of a migrant species","volume":"649","author":"Nadal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2024.10.010","article-title":"Semi-natural habitats are key to breeding bird diversity in intensified vineyard landscapes across Europe","volume":"81","author":"Chavez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"European Commission, and BirdLife International (2022). European Red List of Birds, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-013-1093-2","article-title":"Factors affecting Common Quail\u2019s Coturnix coturnix occurrence in farmland of Poland: Is agriculture intensity important?","volume":"29","author":"Kosicki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959270915000180","article-title":"Hunting of migratory birds in North Sinai, Egypt","volume":"26","author":"Eason","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bird Conserv. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Dalmau, A. (1994). Manual de la Codorniz. Cr\u00eda Industrial y Para la Caza, Dilagro."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2007.01.007","article-title":"Does restocking with Japanese quail or hybrids affect native populations of common quail Coturnix coturnix?","volume":"136","author":"Puigcerver","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Donoso, I., Vil\u00e0, C., Puigcerver, M., Butkauskas, D., Caballero de la Calle, J.R., Morales-Rodr\u00edguez, P.A., and Rodr\u00edguez-Teijeiro, J.D. (2012). Are farm-reared quails for game restocking really common quails (Coturnix coturnix)?: A genetic approach. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039031"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Donoso, I., Huisman, J., Echegaray, J., Puigcerver, M., Rodr\u00edguez-Teijeiro, J.D., Hailer, F., and Vil\u00e0, C. (2014). Detecting slow introgression of invasive alleles in an extensively restocked game bird. Front. Ecol. Evol., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2014.00015"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caravaca, F.P., Camacho-Pinto, T., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Redondo, P. (2022). The quail game farming sector in Spain. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12223118"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentaci\u00f3n (2025, April 27). El Sector de la Avicultura de Carne en Cifras: Principales Indicadores Econ\u00f3micos 2023. Subdirecci\u00f3n General de Producciones Ganaderas y Cineg\u00e9ticas, Direcci\u00f3n General de Producciones y Mercados Agrarios 2024, 67 Pages, Available online: https:\/\/www.mapa.gob.es\/es\/ganaderia\/temas\/produccion-y-mercados-ganaderos\/indicadoreseconomicosaviculturadecarne2023_tcm30-543797.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"493","article-title":"Influence of game restocking on the migratory behaviour of the common quail, Coturnix coturnix","volume":"16","author":"Quintanilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Caballero de la Calle, J.R., Pe\u00f1a, J.C., L\u00f3pez Fuentes, F., and Calle, M.I. (2005, January 11\u201312). Estudio de la productividad de la codorniz cineg\u00e9tica (Coturnix c. coturnix) criada en cautividad. Proceedings of the XI Jornadas Sobre Producci\u00f3n Animal, Zaragoza, Spain."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"109","article-title":"La explotaci\u00f3n cineg\u00e9tica de la codorniz","volume":"Volume 12","year":"1997","journal-title":"Producciones Cineg\u00e9ticas, Ap\u00edcolas y Otras. Zootecnia Bases de Producci\u00f3n Animal"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"317","article-title":"\u00c9tude des risques d\u2019introgression g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de la caille des bl\u00e9s (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) par la caille japonaise (C. c. japonica): Comparaison et int\u00e9gration des donn\u00e9es comportementales et mol\u00e9culaires obtenues dans le sud-est de la France","volume":"6","author":"Chazara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Les Actes BRG"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"285","article-title":"Detection of hybridization and species identification in domesticated and wild quails using genetic markers","volume":"56","author":"Amaral","year":"2007","journal-title":"Folia Zool. Praha"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Riesco, G. (2013). Especies Cineg\u00e9ticas. Instalaciones Para la Cr\u00eda y Repoblaci\u00f3n, Mundi-Prensa."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Caballero de la Calle, J.R., Pe\u00f1a, J.C., Calle, M.I., and Caballero, J.V. (2007, January 16\u201317). An\u00e1lisis diferencial entre el huevo de Coturnix c. coturnix y sus h\u00edbridos con Coturnix japonica\n\t\t  . Proceedings of the XII Jornadas Sobre Producci\u00f3n Animal, Zaragoza, Spain."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76691110370","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v9i11.10370","article-title":"Performance of European laying quail fed with diets containing maize germ meal","volume":"9","author":"Holanda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Dev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olgun, O., G\u00fcl, E.T., K\u0131l\u0131n\u00e7, G., Y\u0131ld\u0131z, A., \u00c7olak, A., and Sarmiento-Garc\u00eda, A. (2022). Performance, Egg Quality, and Yolk Antioxidant Capacity of the Laying Quail in Response to Dietary Choline Levels. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12233361"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"216","article-title":"Quail breeding in Japan","volume":"58","author":"Yamashina","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(00)00126-X","article-title":"Ease of capture in lines of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) subjected to contrasting selection for fear or sociability","volume":"69","author":"Mills","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933919000631","article-title":"Domestic quail (Coturnix japonica domestica), is there such farm animal?","volume":"75","author":"Lukanov","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2005.03.002","article-title":"Behavioural evidence of hybridization (Japanese x European) in domestic quail released as game birds","volume":"94","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.32800\/abc.2012.35.0343","article-title":"Determining population trends and conservation status of the common quail (Coturnix coturnix) in Western Europe","volume":"35","author":"Puigcerver","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-018-1209-7","article-title":"Lack of introgression of Japanese quail in a captive population of common quail","volume":"64","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-009-9951-8","article-title":"Evidence for introgressive hybridization of wild common quail (Coturnix coturnix) by domesticated Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) in France","volume":"11","author":"Chazara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2005.06.027","article-title":"Detecting hybridization in wild (Coturnix c. coturnix) and domesticated (Coturnix c. japonica) quail populations","volume":"126","author":"Barilani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2020.1823303","article-title":"Domestication changes in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica): A review","volume":"76","author":"Lukanov","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/80.7.972","article-title":"Marked differences in the splanchnometry of farm-bred and wild red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa L.)","volume":"80","author":"Villafuerte","year":"2001","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"81","article-title":"Survival and flight characteristics of captive-reared and wild Northern Bobwhites in South Texas","volume":"5","author":"Perez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Quail Symp."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3184\/175815617X15102246785440","article-title":"Comparative analysis of behavioural response of captive-reared and wild-trapped Northern bobwhites to simulated predator attacks","volume":"11","author":"Reyna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Avian Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/17581559211010295","article-title":"Efficacy of acclimating and releasing captive-reared and wild-translocated Northern bobwhites","volume":"14","author":"Reyna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avian Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(96)00028-0","article-title":"The behaviour of the Japanese or domestic quail Coturnix japonica","volume":"21","author":"Mills","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2016.07.010","article-title":"Unpredictable and repeated negative stimuli increased emotional reactivity in male quail","volume":"183","author":"Calandreau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Palleroni, A.R. (1999). Anti-Predator Behavior of Galliform Birds. [PhD. Thesis, University of California]."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"15","article-title":"Genetic and experiential manipulation of fear-related behavior in Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica)","volume":"105","author":"Jones","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/81.3.321","article-title":"Fearfulness and performance related traits in selected lines of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)","volume":"81","author":"Minvielle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"216","article-title":"Consequences of selection for fear in Japanese quail","volume":"70","author":"Faure","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Gefl\u00fcgelk."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.105.1.25","article-title":"Divergent selection for duration of tonic immobility and social reinstatement behavior in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks","volume":"105","author":"Mills","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2005.08.018","article-title":"Is fearfulness a trait that can be measured with behavioural tests? Validation of four tests for Japanese quail","volume":"71","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-01430","article-title":"Does early antipredator training increase the suitability of captive red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) for releasing?","volume":"90","author":"Gaudioso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.29.1.001","article-title":"The welfare of gamebirds destined for release into the wild: A balance between early life care and preparation for future natural hazards","volume":"29","author":"Madden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2007.9522561","article-title":"Does an early aversive experience to humans modify antipredator behaviour in adult Rock partridges?","volume":"19","author":"Zaccaroni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ethol. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez075","article-title":"Anti-predator behavior in pure and hybrid red-legged partridges","volume":"98","author":"Cuenca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalmau, A., Padilla, L., Varvar\u00f3-Porter, A., Xercavins, A., Velarde, A., and Contreras-Jodar, A. (2024). Animal welfare assessment protocol for quails reared for meat production. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1452109"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/11250003.2010.509136","article-title":"Anti-predator behaviour of the red-legged partridge Alectoris rufa (Galliformes: Phasianidae) to simulated terrestrial and aerial predators","volume":"78","author":"Binazzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ital. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00170","article-title":"Influence of the breeding system on the escape response of red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa)","volume":"89","author":"Alonso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"317","article-title":"Differenze comportamentali fra fagiani di ceppo selvatico e di allevamento","volume":"57","author":"Santilli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Facolt\u00e0 Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2010). Directive 2010\/63\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Off. J. Eur. Union, L276, 33\u201379."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Ministerio de Presidencia (2013). Real Decreto 53\/2013, de 1 de febrero, por el que se establecen las normas b\u00e1sicas aplicables para la protecci\u00f3n de los animales utilizados en experimentaci\u00f3n y otros fines cient\u00edficos, incluyendo la docencia. Bolet\u00edn Of. Estado, 34, 11370\u201311421."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"INRA (1985). Alimentaci\u00f3n de los Animales Monog\u00e1stricos, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique\u2014Mundi-Prensa."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3762(83)90125-6","article-title":"Escape-reaction of captive young red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) reared with or without visual contact with man","volume":"11","author":"Csermely","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Ethol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.03.016","article-title":"A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses","volume":"92","author":"Forkman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Savory, C.J., and Hughes, B.O. (1993). Welfare of domestic quail. Fourth European Symposium on Poultry Welfare, UFAW."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Salvador, A., and Morales, M.B. (2016). Halc\u00f3n peregrino\u2014Falco peregrinus\n\t\t  . Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Espa\u00f1oles, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. Available online: http:\/\/www.vertebradosibericos.org\/."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Olkin, I., Ghurye, S.G., Hoeffding, W., Madow, W.G., and Mann, H.B. (1960). Robust Tests for the Equality of Variance. Contributions to Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of Harold Hotelling, Stanford University Press."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/75.4.800","article-title":"A Sharper Bonferroni procedure for multiple significance testing","volume":"75","author":"Hochberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"169","article-title":"Una visi\u00f3n sobre la avicultura para la producci\u00f3n de caza en Espa\u00f1a","volume":"105","author":"Alonso","year":"2009","journal-title":"ITEA Inf. Tec. Econ. Ag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.5424\/sjar\/2010083-1258","article-title":"Characterisation and typification of the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) game farms in Spain","volume":"8","author":"Toribio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Span. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.5424\/sjar\/2012104-403-11","article-title":"Typification and characterisation of the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) game farms in Spain","volume":"10","year":"2012","journal-title":"Span. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"101","article-title":"Exploration of problems, prospects and marketing potential of game poultry birds in Nepal","volume":"37","author":"Baskota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nepalese Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzoor, S., and Abubakar, M. (2022). Intensive farming and welfare regarding anti-predator behavior of chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar). Intensive Animal Farming-A Cost-Effective Tactic, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.100887"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"179","article-title":"Un caso de cambio en el manejo de los recursos cineg\u00e9ticos: La historia de la cr\u00eda en cautividad de la perdiz roja en Espa\u00f1a","volume":"204","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Estud. Agrosoc. Pesq."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Mustin, K., Newey, S., Irvine, J., Arroyo, B., and Redpath, S. (2025, May 27). Biodiversity Impacts of Game Bird Hunting and Associated Management Practices in Europe and North America. Contract Report, James Hutton Institute. Aberdeen\u2014Dundee, UK, 2012. Available online: https:\/\/www.hutton.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/files\/RSPB_ReportFINAL_Covers.pdf."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.32800\/abc.2012.35.0387","article-title":"Every partridge counts, successful techniques used in the captive conservation breeding programme for wild grey partridge in Ireland","volume":"35","author":"Buckley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Biodiv. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3184\/175815512X13441821968945","article-title":"First evaluation of different captive rearing techniques for the re-establishment of the red legged partridge populations","volume":"5","author":"Santilli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Avian Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-96341-5_5","article-title":"The Introduced red-legged partridge in Britain: Management and challenges for the future","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Casas","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Future of the Red-legged Partridge: Science, Hunting and Conservation"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-015-0302-z","article-title":"Improving decision-making for sustainable hunting: Regulatory mechanisms of hunting pressure in red-legged partridge","volume":"10","author":"Caro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustain. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-014-0875-3","article-title":"Effect of habitat and game management practices on ring-necked pheasant harvest in the Czech Republic","volume":"61","author":"Hanzal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1071\/WR12191","article-title":"Market value of restocking and landscape in red-legged partridge hunting: A study based on advertisements","volume":"40","author":"Arroyo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-011-0547-5","article-title":"Prevalence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and Campylobacter sp. in the intestinal flora of farm-reared, restocked and wild red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa): Is restocking using farm-reared birds a risk?","volume":"58","author":"Moriones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2014.01.010","article-title":"Decreased fitness of restocked hybrid quails prevents fast admixture with wild European quails","volume":"171","author":"Puigcerver","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.2307\/3809079","article-title":"Flying ability of different pheasant strains","volume":"57","author":"Robertson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"53","article-title":"Tarhattujen ja villien peltopyyn poikasten k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymisest\u00e4","volume":"41","author":"Anttila","year":"1995","journal-title":"Suomen Riista"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2014.06.004","article-title":"Does hunters\u2019 willingness to pay match the best hunting options for biodiversity conservation? A choice experiment application for small-game hunting in Spain","volume":"177","author":"Giergiczny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnc.2015.03.005","article-title":"Game managers\u2019 views on the release of farm-reared red-legged partridges in hunting estates within central Spain","volume":"26","author":"Vinuela","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nat. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"2627","article-title":"Fear in animals: A meta-analysis and review of risk assessment","volume":"272","author":"Stankowich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Roy. Soc. B-Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"373","article-title":"Domestication in birds","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Farner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avian Biology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(79)90159-3","article-title":"Tonic immobility as a measure of fear in domestic fowl","volume":"27","author":"Gallup","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS19860008","article-title":"The tonic immobility reaction of the domestic fowl: A review","volume":"42","author":"Jones","year":"1986","journal-title":"World Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2008.1185.1189","article-title":"Fear behaviour, ease of capture and performance traits of growing meat type chickens","volume":"7","author":"Ghareeb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2022.02.004","article-title":"The fear hypothesis and tonic immobility (TI) modulation: Early studies in chickens","volume":"271","author":"Carli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212037","article-title":"Tonic immobility in Japanese quail can reduce the probability of sustained attack by cats","volume":"9","author":"Thompson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Anim. Learn. Behav."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2024.106499","article-title":"Impact of restraining position on tonic immobility in broiler chickens and mule ducks","volume":"282","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800530","article-title":"Additive and nonadditive genetic variation in avian personality traits","volume":"93","author":"Drent","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2527\/1999.77161x","article-title":"The importance of genetic diversity in livestock populations of the future","volume":"77","author":"Notter","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"844","article-title":"Apparent absence of sex differences in the behaviour of Japanese quail chicks in four behavioural tests","volume":"14","author":"Mills","year":"1986","journal-title":"IRCS Med. Sci. Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.102.2.129","article-title":"Audience effects on alarm calling in chickens (Gallus gallus)","volume":"102","author":"Karakashian","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(05)80079-X","article-title":"Female appearance as a factor in the responsiveness of male chickens during anti-predator behaviour and courtship","volume":"43","author":"Evans","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Axling, J. (2011). Effects of a Mutation on the TSHR-Gene on Social and Fear Related Behaviours in Chickens. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Link\u00f6pings Universitet]."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2009.01929.x","article-title":"Sex differences in the expression of sex steroid receptor mRNA in the quail brain","volume":"21","author":"Voigt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1984.tb01365.x","article-title":"Acoustic behaviour of birds and mammals in the predator context; I. Factors affecting the structure of alarm signals. II. The functional significance and evolution of alarm signals","volume":"66","author":"Klump","year":"1984","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Tierpsychol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.04.012","article-title":"Comparing fostering success between wild-caught and game farm bred captive red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa, L.)","volume":"133","author":"Alonso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev210","article-title":"Are parent-reared red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) better candidates for re-establishment purposes?","volume":"94","author":"Alonso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2016.1162283","article-title":"Anti-predator behaviour of adult red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) tutors improves the defensive responses of farm-reared broods","volume":"57","author":"Alonso","year":"2016","journal-title":"British Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Ballesteros, F. (1998). Las Especies de Caza en Espa\u00f1a. Biolog\u00eda, Ecolog\u00eda y Conservaci\u00f3n, Estudio y Gesti\u00f3n del Medio."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.2307\/2423011","article-title":"Investigations in the life history of the common Coturnix","volume":"65","author":"Wetherbee","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am. Midl. Nat."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-004-0250-y","article-title":"Do responses of galliform birds vary adaptively with predator size?","volume":"8","author":"Palleroni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(97)00031-2","article-title":"The effect of cover on the behaviour of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)","volume":"54","author":"Buchwalder","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"3","article-title":"Valutazione del volo dei Fagiani. Nota 1: Repetibilit\u00e0 delle caratteristiche dell\u2019involo misurate in voliera","volume":"2","author":"Bagliacca","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ric. Ecol. Venatoria"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"241","article-title":"Caratteristiche morfologiche e dell\u2019involo dei fagiani di tipo mongolia (Phasianus colchicus mongolicus mongolicus) e tenebroso (Phasianus colchicus v. tenebrosus) allevati dalla Provincia di Terni","volume":"57","author":"Bagliacca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Fac. Med. Vet. Univ. Pisa"},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Caballero de la Calle, J.R., Buxad\u00e9, C., and Pe\u00f1a, J.C. (1997, January 20\u201322). Influencia de la fecha de puesta y el tiempo de almacenamiento sobre la viabilidad del huevo de codorniz cineg\u00e9tica. Proceedings of the VII Jornadas Sobre Producci\u00f3n Animal, Zaragoza, Spain. ITEA Informaci\u00f3n T\u00e9cnica Econ\u00f3mica Agraria."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Caballero de la Calle, J.R., Pe\u00f1a, J.C., and Carri\u00f3n, E. (1999, January 11\u201313). Influencia de las caracter\u00edsticas del huevo de la codorniz cineg\u00e9tica sobre la morfolog\u00eda del pollito. Proceedings of the VIII Jornadas Sobre Producci\u00f3n Animal, Zaragoza, Spain. ITEA Informaci\u00f3n T\u00e9cnica Econ\u00f3mica Agraria."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Caballero de la Calle, J.R., Pe\u00f1a, J.C., Calle, M.I., and Caballero, J.V. (2007, January 16\u201317). An\u00e1lisis de la morfolog\u00eda del pollito de codorniz europea y sus h\u00edbridos de codorniz japonesa. Proceedings of the XII Jornadas Sobre Producci\u00f3n Animal, Zaragoza, Spain. ITEA Informaci\u00f3n T\u00e9cnica Econ\u00f3mica Agraria."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Caballero de la Calle, J.R., Pe\u00f1a, J.C., Calle, M.I., and Caballero, J.V. (2009, January 12\u201313). An\u00e1lisis diferencial entre sistemas de producci\u00f3n en cautividad de la Coturnix c. coturnix\n\t\t  . Proceedings of the XIII Jornadas Sobre Producci\u00f3n Animal, Zaragoza, Spain. ITEA Informaci\u00f3n T\u00e9cnica Econ\u00f3mica Agraria."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"37","article-title":"Grown characteristics and effectiveness of common quail (Coturnix coturnix, Linnaeus 1758) raising for game restocking","volume":"31","author":"Petrov","year":"2024","journal-title":"For. Ideas"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/15\/2237\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:19:07Z","timestamp":1760033947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/15\/2237"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15152237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15152237","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]}}}