{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:22:25Z","timestamp":1790389345355,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regione Lombardia as part of the project \u201cSpillover e altri rischi emergenti\u201d","award":["17603 del 01\/12\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17603 del 01\/12\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat, with wild birds increasingly recognized as potential reservoirs of resistant pathogens and as sentinels of environmental AMR. This study investigated the occurrence and AMR profiles of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from wild birds that died at the Wildlife Rescue Center in Vanzago, Lombardy, in 2024. Cloacal swabs were collected from 112 birds representing various ecological categories. A total of 157 Gram-negative bacteria were isolated and identified, including clinically relevant genera and species, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed resistance to first-line and critically important antimicrobials, including those exclusively authorized for human use. Notably, a phenotype compatible with Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) production was detected in four out of ten (40%) K. pneumoniae isolates. In addition, 20 out of the 157 (12.7%) isolated bacteria phenotypically exhibited a resistance profile indicative of AmpC beta-lactamase (AmpC) production, including Enterobacter spp. and P. aeruginosa. Resistance patterns were particularly interesting in birds with carnivorous, scavenging, or migratory-associated behaviors. These findings highlight the role of wild birds in the ecology and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and highlight the need for wildlife-based AMR monitoring programs as part of a One Health approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15152289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T13:44:32Z","timestamp":1754401472000},"page":"2289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Resisting the Final Line: Phenotypic Detection of Resistance to Last-Resort Antimicrobials in Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Wild Birds in Northern Italy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1496-5195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Rapi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8849-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel","family":"Filipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5494-1530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Filippone Pavesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Raimondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Recupero Fauna Selvatica (CRAS)\u2014\u201cBosco WWF di Vanzago\u201d, Via delle 3 Campane, 20043 Vanzago, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6934-7748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Filippa","family":"Addis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Pia","family":"Franciosini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6157-7258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Grilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2025, April 14). 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