{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:38:11Z","timestamp":1760060291670,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This case report investigated the cause of visual impairment at night in Beagle dogs in a family of 12 individuals. Four related adult male Beagles with impaired night vision and eight related Beagles (three females, five males) underwent a complete ophthalmological examination at the ophthalmology service. Electroretinography was performed on four dogs with impaired night vision after dark adaptation to evaluate retinal function. Retinoscopy was performed in 12 dogs in a standing or sitting position to assess refraction. Axial globe measurements were conducted using B-scan ultrasonography in nine dogs. In total, twelve adult Beagles (nine males, three females) from four generations were evaluated, with nine dogs showing impaired night vision. Ophthalmic examinations revealed no abnormalities that could explain the visual impairment. Electroretinography showed normal retinal function. In total, 83.3% (10\/12) of the dogs were myopic, with refractive errors ranging from \u22121.25 to \u22126.25 diopters (D). All dogs with night vision impairment were significantly more myopic (median: \u22124.88 D) than those without impairment (median: \u22121.25 D). In two myopic dogs, the insertion of contact lenses improved navigation in the dark maze test. Myopic dogs showed a significantly greater vitreous body depth (10.1 mm; range 9.7\u201310.3 mm) compared to emmetropic dogs (9.5 mm; range: 9.4\u20139.6 mm). These findings suggest that in dogs with night vision impairment, retinoscopy should be included in the ophthalmological exam to exclude myopia as a potential cause. Further research is needed to determine the cause of myopia in the tested Beagles and to investigate possible genetic factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15162342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T08:10:32Z","timestamp":1754899832000},"page":"2342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Myopia in Beagles in a Family of 12 Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1012-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana","family":"Giselbrecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Nell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.73.9.750","article-title":"The Briard dog: A new animal model of congenital stationary night blindness","volume":"73","author":"Wrigstad","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kondo, M., Das, G., Imai, R., Santana, E., Nakashita, T., Imawaka, M., Ueda, K., Ohtsuka, H., Sakai, K., and Aihara, T. (2015). A naturally occurring canine model of autosomal recessive congenital stationary night blindness. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137072"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, R.G., Becker, D., Jagannathan, V., Goldstein, O., Santana, E., Carlin, K., Sudharsan, R., Leeb, T., Nishizawa, Y., and Kondo, M. (2019). Genome-wide association study and whole-genome sequencing identify a deletion in LRIT3 associated with canine congenital stationary night blindness. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50573-7"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.44.7.648","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency and night blindness","volume":"44","author":"Dowling","year":"1958","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"499","article-title":"Retinal degeneration in monkeys induced by deficiencies of vitamin E or A","volume":"13","author":"Hayes","year":"1974","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/10.13.12","article-title":"The change of spherical aberration during accommodation and its effect on the accommodation response","volume":"10","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13163","article-title":"Quantifying refractive error in companion dogs with and without nuclear sclerosis: 229 eyes from 118 dogs","volume":"27","author":"Francis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.7.946","article-title":"Refractive states of eyes and association between ametropia and breed in dogs","volume":"69","author":"Kubai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-017-9621-y","article-title":"ISCEV guide to visual electrodiagnostic procedures","volume":"136","author":"Robson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1098\/rsnr.1965.0006","article-title":"Nevil Maskelyne, FRS, and the discovery of night myopia","volume":"20","author":"Levene","year":"1965","journal-title":"Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.10-0147","article-title":"Evaluation of refractive value by skiascopy in healthy Beagles","volume":"73","author":"Maehara","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez, J., Moore, C., Si, X., Richer, S., Jackson, J., and Wang, W. (2016). Aging dogs manifest myopia as measured by autorefractor. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148436"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.06.898","article-title":"Ultrasonographic and biometric evaluation of the eye and orbit of dogs","volume":"50","author":"Cottrill","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1999.tb00382.x","article-title":"Agreement between A-mode and B-mode ultrasonography in the measurement of ocular distances","volume":"40","author":"Hamidzada","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"2459","article-title":"Myopia and refractive error in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Murphy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0292","article-title":"Eye shape in emmetropia and myopia","volume":"45","author":"Atchison","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182058ff0","article-title":"Ocular components in three breeds of dogs with high prevalence of myopia","volume":"88","author":"Williams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7324","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10993","article-title":"Heritability of lenticular myopia in English Springer spaniels","volume":"54","author":"Kubai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1577","article-title":"Naturally occurring vitreous chamber-based myopia in the Labrador retriever","volume":"40","author":"Mutti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4784","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-1828","article-title":"A canine model of inherited myopia: Familial aggregation of refractive error in labrador retrievers","volume":"49","author":"Black","year":"2008","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.4.546","article-title":"Effect of optical defocus on performance of dogs involved in field trial competition","volume":"73","author":"Ofri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y.-J., Wu, N., Huang, X., Rao, J., Yan, L., Shi, L., Huang, H., Li, S.-Y., Zhou, F.-Q., and Wu, X.-R. (2020). Evidence of cortical thickness reduction and disconnection in high myopia. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73415-3"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001028","article-title":"Altered whole-brain gray matter volume in high myopia patients: A voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Nouchi, R., Yokoyama, R., Kotozaki, Y., Nakagawa, S., Sekiguchi, A., Iizuka, K., Yamamoto, Y., and Hanawa, S. (2018). Refractive error is associated with intracranial volume. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18669-0"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/16\/2342\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:27:49Z","timestamp":1760034469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/16\/2342"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15162342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15162342","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]}}}