{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:37:44Z","timestamp":1760060264201,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Continuous extradural infusions (CEIs) provide sustained analgesia, avoiding fluctuations seen with bolus administrations. An extradural catheter was placed in a cat with severe abdominal trauma following a vehicular accident. To provide sustained pain relief, a CEI of 0.5% ropivacaine at 0.18 mg\/kg\/h or 0.036 mL\/kg\/h was initiated, resulting in improved analgesia, as shown by lower scores on both the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS) and the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale-Feline (CMPS-Feline). During treatment, the cat developed hypersalivation, which persisted after catheter removal at 72 h. Eventually, the cat\u2019s condition deteriorated, with signs of sepsis leading to euthanasia due to a poor prognosis. Potential contributors to the cat\u2019s decline included systemic infection, local anaesthetic systemic toxicity, or opioid-related effects. This report describes the placement of an extradural catheter in a cat, highlighting the potential of CEI in feline pain management while emphasising the need for further research on its pharmacokinetics and safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15162378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T13:30:38Z","timestamp":1755091838000},"page":"2378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Continuous Extradural Infusion of Ropivacaine in a Cat with Severe Abdominal Trauma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6220-6834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dany","family":"Elzahaby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Iff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Vet Doc Iff GmbH, 4600 Olten, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.219","article-title":"Local and regional anaesthesia in dogs and cats: Overview of concepts and drugs (Part 1)","volume":"6","author":"Grubb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.07.007","article-title":"Epidural and Spinal Anesthesia","volume":"49","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campoy, L., and Read, M.R. (2013). Epidural and Spinal Anesthesia. Small Animal Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia, Wiley. [1st ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/9781118783382.ch14.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118783382"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2004.01550.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ropivacaine for continuous epidural infusion in neonates and infants","volume":"15","author":"Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000197778.57615.1a","article-title":"A Randomized Comparison of Programmed Intermittent Epidural Bolus with Continuous Epidural Infusion for Labor Analgesia","volume":"102","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000156579.11254.D1","article-title":"Ultrasound-Guided Epidural Catheter Insertion in Children","volume":"101","author":"Rapp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2001.tb00075.x","article-title":"Epidural Catheter Analgesia in Dogs and Cats: Technique and Review of 182 Cases (1991\u20131999)","volume":"11","author":"Hansen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Vet Emergen. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00654.x","article-title":"Severe cardiovascular depression in a cat following a mandibular nerve block with bupivacaine","volume":"38","author":"Aprea","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.6.614","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of lidocaine following laryngeal administration or laryngeal and intratesticular administration in cats","volume":"79","author":"Soltaninejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Veter-Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"205511692211045","article-title":"Successful treatment of local anaesthetic toxicity using intralipid 20% emulsion following intrathoracic bupivacaine overdose in a cat","volume":"8","author":"Caulfield","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg. Open Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evangelista, M.C., Watanabe, R., Leung, V.S.Y., Monteiro, B.P., O\u2019tOole, E., Pang, D.S.J., and Steagall, P.V. (2019). Facial expressions of pain in cats: The development and validation of a Feline Grimace Scale. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55693-8"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104208","article-title":"Definitive Glasgow acute pain scale for cats: Validation and intervention level","volume":"180","author":"Reid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000057600.31380.75","article-title":"Small Risk of Serious Neurologic Complications Related to Lumbar Epidural Catheter Placement in Anesthetized Patients","volume":"96","author":"Horlocker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12574","article-title":"Gross anatomical study of the thoracolumbar primary dorsal branches and their course from the spinal cord to the skin in the cat","volume":"49","author":"Bernigau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anat. Histol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12173","article-title":"The use of a nerve stimulation test to confirm sacrococcygeal epidural needle placement in cats","volume":"42","author":"Otero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamont, L., Grimm, K., Robertson, S., Love, L., and Schroeder, C. (2024). Canine and Feline Local Anesthetic and Analgesic Techniques. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, Wiley. [1st ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/9781119830306.ch60.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119830306"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldberg, M.E. (2014). Locoregional Analgesic Blocking Techniques. Pain Management for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses, Wiley. [1st ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/9781119421436.ch6.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119421436.ch6"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.06.004","article-title":"Epidural Analgesia and Anesthesia in Dogs and Cats","volume":"38","author":"Valverde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-010-0927-x","article-title":"Flip-flop kinetics of ropivacaine during continuous epidural infusion influences its accumulation rate","volume":"67","author":"Cusato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e197","DOI":"10.1002\/vrc2.197","article-title":"Suspected local anaesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) after several bupivacaine injections through an epidural catheter in a cat","volume":"9","author":"Quesada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Rec. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.79875","article-title":"Ropivacaine: A review of its pharmacology and clinical use","volume":"55","author":"Kuthiala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Q., Li, Z., Wang, Z., Wang, Q., Qin, F., Pan, H., Lin, W., Mu, X., Wang, Y., and Jiang, Y. (2023). Immunosuppression by opioids: Mechanisms of action on innate and adaptive immunity. Biochem. Pharmacol., 209.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115417"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douglas, H., Midon, M., Shroff, K., Floriano, D., Driessen, B., and Hopster, K. (2022). Caudal epidural catheterization for pain management in 48 hospitalized horses: A descriptive study of demographics, complications, and outcomes. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.995299"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"712","article-title":"Bacterial Colonization and Infection Rate of Continuous Epidural Catheters in Children","volume":"86","author":"Tobin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anaesth. Analg."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/16\/2378\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:26:35Z","timestamp":1760034395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/16\/2378"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15162378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15162378","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]}}}