{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T11:39:14Z","timestamp":1763552354157,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005621","name":"Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute, KURDI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FF(KU)7.68"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF(KU)7.68"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N42A670624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A670624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022271","name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), caused by a mutated form of feline coronavirus, poses a significant threat to feline health worldwide, with limited therapeutic options available. This study investigated the antiviral potential of \u03b1-mangostin (\u03b1-MG) and its enriched extracts (AMEs), obtained via microwave-assisted extraction, against FIPV. We evaluated their cytotoxicity, direct virucidal activity, and antiviral activity in CRFK cells. Both \u03b1-MG and AMEs demonstrated significant antiviral activity, with EC50 values from 2.71 to 2.88 \u03bcg\/mL and favorable selectivity indices (3.25\u20133.66). Notably, AMEs exhibited direct virucidal effects, effectively reducing viral titers. Furthermore, treatment with these compounds significantly reduced inflammatory cytokine expression (IFN-\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-6 mRNA levels) and decreased viral loads in FIPV-infected cells. Drug combination studies using the ZIP model revealed enhanced cooperative effects when AMEs and \u03b1-MG were combined with GC-376 or GS-441524, with GC-376 combinations showing particularly strong synergistic potential. These findings suggest that \u03b1-MG and AMEs are promising candidates for FIPV treatment, either as monotherapy or in combination therapy. This study provides insights into developing novel therapeutic strategies to combat FIPV infections and offers a foundation for future veterinary antiviral drug development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15162417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T11:31:37Z","timestamp":1755516697000},"page":"2417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of \u03b1-Mangostin Against Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus: In Vitro Assay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5953-976X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Varanya","family":"Lueangaramkul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pratipa","family":"Termthongthot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8162-8563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natjira","family":"Mana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1097-8822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pharkphoom","family":"Panichayupakaranant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand"},{"name":"Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ploypailin","family":"Semkum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5595-3296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Porntippa","family":"Lekcharoensuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6912-9764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirin","family":"Theerawatanasirikul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199059","article-title":"An updated review of feline coronavirus: Mind the two biotypes","volume":"326","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tasker, S., Addie, D.D., Egberink, H., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Hosie, M.J., Truyen, U., Bel\u00e1k, S., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Frymus, T., and Lloret, A. 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