{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T08:38:23Z","timestamp":1787647103837,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grants from the Scientific Research Foundation for the Introduced Talents of Guangxi Minzu University","award":["2018KJQD14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018KJQD14"]}]},{"name":"Grants from the Scientific Research Foundation for the Introduced Talents of Guangxi Minzu University","award":["2021KJQD17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KJQD17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS), a prebiotic derived from yeast cell walls, has been shown to enhance growth performance and health status in various aquatic species. As an exogenous antigen adjuvant, MOS modulates T-cell-mediated immune responses, thereby improving immune function and suppressing excessive inflammatory reactions. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary MOS supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, muscle composition, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant and immune status, and the mTOR signaling pathway in juvenile GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Juveniles (initial body weight: 16.17 \u00b1 1.32 g) were randomly assigned to six treatment groups (three replicate tanks per group) and fed diets supplemented with MOS at 0, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1% (equivalent to 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 g\/kg of diet, respectively) for 60 days. Compared with the control group, fish fed MOS-supplemented diets exhibited significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) weight gain rates, specific growth rates, and protein efficiency ratios, along with a significantly lower (p &lt; 0.05) feed conversion ratio. Serum albumin, high-density lipoprotein, and lysozyme levels were significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05), whereas triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels were significantly decreased (p &lt; 0.05). In the liver, head kidney, and spleen, the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (tumor necrosis factor \u03b1, interleukin 1\u03b2, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, and interferon \u03b3) was significantly downregulated (p &lt; 0.05), while the expression of antioxidant and protective genes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor \u03b2, and heat shock protein 70) as well as mTOR signaling pathway-related genes (mammalian target of rapamycin, akt protein kinase B, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase polypeptide 1) was significantly upregulated (p &lt; 0.05). Overall, MOS positively affects tilapia\u2019s growth, health, and immunity, with 0.60% identified as the optimal dietary level based on growth performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15162459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T14:46:04Z","timestamp":1755787564000},"page":"2459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of Mannan Oligosaccharides on Growth, Antioxidant and Immune Performance, and mTOR Signaling Pathway in Juvenile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8090-5642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luoqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enhao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuqing","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huizan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, 8 Qingshan Road, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2188-4012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Institute of Oceanology Co., Ltd., 92 Changqingdong Road, Beihai 536000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2024). 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